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Maths Class 12

Relations & Functions-Types of Functions: Classification, One-One, Onto, Examples-Class 12 Math Chapter 1 Notes Download free pdf

August 22, 2025January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Functions are defined as the relations which give a particular output for a particular input value. A function has a domain and codomain (range). F(x) usually denotes a function where x is the input of the function. In general, a function is written as y = f(x).

Functions are defined as the relations which give a particular output for a particular input value. A function has a …

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Composite functions-Relations & functions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Let f : a->b and g : b->c be two functions. Then the composition of f and g, denoted by g o f, is defined as the function g o f : a->c given by g o f (x) = g{f(x)}, ∀ x ∈ a.

Composite Functions Let f : A->B and g : B->C be two functions. Then the composition of f and g, …

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Invertible Functions-Graph, Solved Examples & FAQs, Relations & functions Class 12 Math Chapter1 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
As the name suggests invertible means “inverse“, and invertible function means the inverse of the function. Invertible functions, in the most general sense, are functions that “reverse” each other. For example, if f takes a to b, then the inverse, f-1, must take b to a.

As the name suggests Invertible means “inverse“, and Invertible function means the inverse of the function. Invertible functions, in the …

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Composition of Functions: Definition, Domain, Range, Examples, Relations & functions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Composition of function is the process or operation which combines two or more functions together into a single function. We define functions as the set of operations that operate on a set of values and give the desired output. Suppose f is a function say a function which draws the sketch of the fruits whose name we enter, here, the name given by us is the input value and the sketch of the fruit is the output value. Similarly, imagine any other function g which colors the given sketch.  

Composition of Function is the process or operation which combines two or more functions together into a single function. We …

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Inverse Functions, Graphs & Solved Examples, Relations & functions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Inverse functions are an important concept in mathematics. An inverse function basically reverses the effect of the original function. If you apply a function to a number and then apply its inverse, you get back the original number. For example, if a function turns 2 into 5, the inverse function will turn 5 back into 2.

Inverse Functions are an important concept in mathematics. An inverse function basically reverses the effect of the original function. If you …

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions-Formulas, Types, Graphs & Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Chapter 2 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 6, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of basic trigonometric functions. In mathematics, inverse trigonometric functions are also known as arcus functions or anti-trigonometric functions. The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of basic trigonometric functions, i. E. , sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. It is used to find the angles with any trigonometric ratio. Inverse trigonometric functions are generally used in fields like geometry, engineering, etc.

Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of basic trigonometric functions. In mathematics, inverse trigonometric functions are also known as …

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Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions-Formulas, Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Chapter 2 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric ratios i. E. Sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec. These functions are widely used in fields like physics, mathematics, engineering and other research fields.

Inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric ratios i.e. sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec. These functions …

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Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions-Formulas, Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Chapter 2 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Inverse trigonometric functions, also known as arc functions, are used to find the angle that corresponds to a given trigonometric value. These functions are the inverses of the six main trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. In this article, we will explore the key properties of inverse trigonometric functions, including their domains, ranges, and unique characteristics.

Inverse trigonometric functions, also known as arc functions, are used to find the angle that corresponds to a given trigonometric …

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Inverse Trigonometric Identities-Domain, Range, Formulas, Properties, Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Chapter 2 Notes Study Material Download free pdf

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Inverse trigonometric identities: in mathematics, inverse trigonometric functions are also known as arcus functions or anti-trigonometric functions. The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of basic trigonometric functions, i. E. , sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. It is used to find the angles with any trigonometric ratio. Inverse trigonometric functions are generally used in fields like geometry, engineering, etc.

Inverse Trigonometric Identities: In mathematics, inverse trigonometric functions are also known as arcus functions or anti-trigonometric functions. The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse …

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Relations & Functions Exercise 1.1 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 free PDF Download

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Relation and function are two ways of establishing links between two sets in mathematics. Relation and function in maths are analogous to the relation that we see in our daily lives i. E. , two persons are related by the relation of father-son, mother-daughter, brother-sister, and many more. On a similar pattern, two numbers can be related to each other as one number is the square of another number and many more. A function is a special kind of relation that is defined as a unique relation between two mathematical entities.

Relation and Function are two ways of establishing links between two sets in mathematics. Relation and Function in maths are …

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Relations & Functions Exercise 1.2 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 free PDF Download

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In class 12 mathematics, chapter 1, “relations and functions” students delve into the foundational concepts of relations and functions. Exercise 1. 2 focuses on the various problems to enhance understanding of these concepts. This exercise is crucial for grasping how different functions relate to each other and how they can be represented mathematically.

In Class 12 Mathematics, Chapter 1, “Relations and Functions” students delve into the foundational concepts of relations and functions. Exercise …

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Relations & Functions Exercise 1.3 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 free PDF Download

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Exercise 1. 3 delves into the advanced concepts of function composition and invertible functions, building upon the foundational knowledge of relations and functions established earlier in the chapter. This exercise is crucial for developing a deeper understanding of how functions interact and transform, paving the way for more complex mathematical analysis. Students will explore the process of combining functions through composition, understand the conditions under which functions can be inverted, and learn to find and work with inverse functions. These skills are fundamental in various branches of mathematics, including calculus, abstract algebra, and complex analysis, and have wide-ranging applications in fields such as physics, engineering, and computer science. Mastering the concepts in this exercise will equip students with powerful tools for solving sophisticated problems and understanding the intricate relationships between mathematical entities.

Exercise 1.3 delves into the advanced concepts of function composition and invertible functions, building upon the foundational knowledge of relations …

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Relations & Functions Miscellaneous Exercise NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 1 free PDF Download

January 7, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Solution:

Class 12 NCERT Solutions- Mathematics Chapter 1 Relations And Functions -Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 1 Question 1. Let f : R …

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Matrices Exercise 3.1 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 3 free PDF Download

January 8, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Matrices are one of the important chapters of ncert solutions for class 12 maths. It is also a powerful and essential tool in mathematics. This mathematical tool simplifies our work to a great extent when compared with other direct methods. The evolution of the concept of matrices is the result of an attempt to obtain short and simple ways of solving the system of linear equations. Matrices are used not only as a representation of the coefficients in a system of linear equations. They have uses that far exceed that application. Nowadays, this mathematical tool is used in multiple disciplines, including genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and industrial management. Coming to education, this topic is extremely important for both the cbse board exam and competitive exams. So, students can practise these ncert solutions for class 12 and improve their problem-solving skills.

Matrices are one of the important chapters of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths. It is also a powerful and essential …

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Matrices Exercise 3.2 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 3 free PDF Download

January 8, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Matrices are a fundamental concept in linear algebra, used extensively in mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science, and various other fields. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns. The numbers or elements inside a matrix are enclosed within square brackets and can be used to represent systems of linear equations, transformations, and many real-world data structures. Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and finding determinants and inverses of matrices help solve complex mathematical problems efficiently.

Matrices are a fundamental concept in linear algebra, used extensively in mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science, and various other fields. …

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Matrices Exercise 3.3 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 3 free PDF Download

January 8, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Chapter 3 of the class 12 ncert mathematics textbook, titled “matrices,” delves into the fundamental concepts of matrices, including their types, operations, and applications. Exercise 3. 3 focuses on practical problems involving matrix operations, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of matrices. This exercise helps students apply their understanding of matrices to solve various mathematical problems.

Chapter 3 of the Class 12 NCERT Mathematics textbook, titled “Matrices,” delves into the fundamental concepts of matrices, including their …

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Matrices Miscellaneous Exercise NCERT Solutions Class 12 Math Chapter 3 free PDF Download

January 8, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Chapter 3 of the class 12 ncert mathematics textbook, titled “matrices,” covers fundamental concepts related to matrices, including operations such as addition, multiplication, and finding determinants and inverses. The miscellaneous exercise in this chapter provides a range of problems that integrate these concepts, helping students apply their understanding of matrices in various contexts and deepen their problem-solving skills.

Chapter 3 of the Class 12 NCERT Mathematics textbook, titled “Matrices,” covers fundamental concepts related to matrices, including operations such …

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Matrices Definition, Properties, Types, Formulas, Solved Examples

January 8, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A rectangular array of m × n numbers (real or complex) in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines (called columns) is called a matrix of order m by n, written as m × n matrix. Such an array is enclosed by or ( ). In this article, we will learn the meaning of matrices, types of matrices, important formulas, etc.

A rectangular array of m × n numbers (real or complex) in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) …

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Matrices Types, Properties:Row, Column, Zero or Null, Singleton, Horizontal, Vertical, Square, Diagonal, Scalar, Unit or Identity Matrix, Equal Matrices, Triangular, Singular & Non-Singular Matrix, Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrices, Hermitian & Skew-Hermitian Matrices, Idempotent, Nilpotent, Periodic, Involutory Matrix

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
There are different types of matrices, and they are basically categorised on the basis of the value of their elements, their order, the number of rows and columns, etc. Now, using different conditions, the various matrix types are categorised below, along with their definition and examples.

There are different types of matrices, and they are basically categorised on the basis of the value of their elements, …

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Algebra of Matrices:Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Multiplication, Matrices Multiplication, Rules & Solved Examples

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Algebra of matrices is the branch of mathematics, which deals with the vector spaces between different dimensions. The innovation of matrix algebra came into existence because of n-dimensional planes present in our coordinate space.

Algebra of Matrices is the branch of mathematics, which deals with the vector spaces between different dimensions. The innovation of …

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Transpose of a Matrix-Addition & Multiplication Property of Transpose, Solved Examples

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Transpose of a matrix is one of the most commonly used methods in matrix transformation. For a given matrix, the transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging rows into columns or columns to rows. In this article, we are going to learn the definition of the transpose of a matrix, steps to find the transpose of a matrix, properties and examples with a complete explanation.

Transpose of a matrix is one of the most commonly used methods in matrix transformation. For a given matrix, the …

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Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix-Properties, Solved Examples

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix both are square matrices. But the difference between them is, the symmetric matrix is equal to its transpose whereas skew-symmetric matrix is a matrix whose transpose is equal to its negative.

A symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix both are square matrices. But the difference between them is, the symmetric matrix is …

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Elementary Operation of Matrix with Solved Examples-Class 12 Math Matrices Notes

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in the form of rows and columns. The number of rows and columns of a matrix are known as its dimensions which is given by m × n, where m and n represent the number of rows and columns respectively. Apart from basic mathematical operations, there are certain elementary operations that can be performed on a matrix.  the elementary operations or transformation of a matrix are the operations performed on rows and columns of a matrix to transform the given matrix into a different form in order to make the calculation simpler. In this article, we are going to learn three basic elementary operations of matrix in detail with examples.

A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in the form of rows and columns. The number of rows and …

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Invertible Matrices | Invertible Matrix Theorems, Proofs, Applications & Properties, Solved Examples, Class 12 Matrix Notes

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in the form of rows and columns. The number of rows and columns of a matrix are known as its dimensions, which is given by m x n where m and n represent the number of rows and columns respectively. The basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be done on matrices. In this article, we will discuss the inverse of a matrix or the invertible vertices.

A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in the form of rows and columns. The number of rows and …

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Determinants-Properties-Differentiation and Integration of Determinants-Class 12 Math Notes Study Material free pdf download

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In linear algebra, a determinant is a special number that can be determined from a square matrix. The determinant of a matrix, say a is denoted det(a), |a| or det a. Determinants have some useful properties as they permit us to generate the same results with different and simpler entries (elements). There are 10 main properties of determinants: reflection property, all-zero property, proportionality or repetition property, switching property, scalar multiple properties, sum property, invariance property, factor property, triangle property, and co-factor matrix property. All the properties of determinants have been covered below in a detailed way, along with solved examples.

In linear algebra, a determinant is a special number that can be determined from a square matrix. The determinant of …

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Determinant To Find Area Of A Triangle – Solved Examples-Class 12 Math Determinants Notes Study Material free pdf download

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
We know what a determinant is, let us know how to use determinant to find area of a triangle

We know what a determinant is, let us know how to use Determinant to find Area of a Triangle Suppose …

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Minors and Cofactors in Matrix with Solved Examples Problems-Class 12 Math Determinants Notes Study Material free pdf download

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Minors and cofactors are two of the most important concepts in matrices, as they are crucial in finding the adjoint and the inverse of a matrix. To find the determinants of a large square matrix (like 4×4), it is important to find the minors of the matrix and then the cofactors of the matrix. Below is a detailed explanation of “what minors and cofactors are”, along with steps to find them.

Minors and cofactors are two of the most important concepts in matrices, as they are crucial in finding the adjoint …

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Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix With Their Relation, Properties, Solved Examples Problems, Class 12 Math Determinants Notes Study Material free pdf download

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The adjoint of a matrix, also called the adjugate of a matrix, is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix of that particular matrix. For a matrix a, the adjoint is denoted as adj (a). On the other hand, the inverse of a matrix a is that matrix which, when multiplied by matrix a, gives an identity matrix. The inverse of a matrix a is denoted by a-1.

The adjoint of a matrix, also called the adjugate of a matrix, is defined as the transpose of the cofactor …

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Continuity and Differentiability of a Function-Solved Examples Problems, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material free pdf download

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Continuity and differentiability is one of the most important topics which help students to understand the concepts like, continuity at a point, continuity on an interval, derivative of functions and many more. However, continuity and differentiability of functional parameters are very difficult.

Continuity and Differentiability is one of the most important topics which help students to understand the concepts like, continuity at a …

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Exponential Functions, Logarithmic Functions-Definition, Formula, Properties, Rules, Graphs, Derivatives, Exponential Series & Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 9, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An exponential function is a mathematical function, which is used in many real-world situations. It is mainly used to find the exponential decay or exponential growth or to compute investments, model populations and so on. In this article, you will learn about exponential function formulas, rules, properties, graphs, derivatives, exponential series and examples.

An exponential function is a mathematical function, which is used in many real-world situations. It is mainly used to find …

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Logarithmic Differentiation – Formula, Solutions & Solved Examples Problems, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Logarithmic differentiation is a method to find the derivatives of some complicated functions, using logarithms. There are cases in which differentiating the logarithm of a given function is simpler as compared to differentiating the function itself. By the proper usage of properties of logarithms and chain rule finding, the derivatives become easy. This concept is applicable to nearly all the non-zero functions which are differentiable in nature.

Logarithmic differentiation is a method to find the derivatives of some complicated functions, using logarithms. There are cases in which …

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Derivatives Of A Function In Parametric Form-Solved Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Derivatives of a function in parametric form: there are instances when rather than defining a function explicitly or implicitly we define it using a third variable. This representation when a function y(x)  is represented via a third variable which is known as the parameter is a parametric form. A relation between x and y can be expressible in the form x = f(t) and y = g(t) is a parametric form representation with parameter as t. Now we will concentrate on how to differentiate these functions using parametric differentiation.

Derivatives of a function in parametric form: There are instances when rather than defining a function explicitly or implicitly we …

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Second Order Derivative | Explanation with Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
For understanding the second-order derivative, let us step back a bit and understand what a first derivative is. The first derivative dy/dx represents the rate of the change in y with respect to x. Considering an example, if the distance covered by a car in 10 seconds is 60 meters, then the speed is the first order derivative of the distance travelled with respect to time. Hence, the speed in this case is given as 60/10 m/s.

For understanding the second-order derivative, let us step back a bit and understand what a first derivative is. The first …

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Mean Value Theorem Formula Equation | Mean Value Theorem For Integrals, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In mathematics, the mean value theorem states, roughly, that given a planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through its endpoints.

In mathematics, the mean value theorem states, roughly, that given a planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least …

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Increasing & Decreasing Functions Monotonicity with Examples for Functions, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Before explaining the increasing and decreasing function along with monotonicity, let us understand what functions are. A function is basically a relation between input and output such that, each input is related to exactly one output.

Before explaining the increasing and decreasing function along with monotonicity, let us understand what functions are. A function is basically a …

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Equation of Tangent And Normal to a Curve with Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The applications of derivatives are:

The applications of derivatives are: In this article, we will learn to use differentiation to find the equation of the tangent …

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Differential Calculus & Approximation | Tangent Line Approximation, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In mathematics, differential calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with the process of finding the derivative of a function. It is the study of the rate of change of quantities with respect to other variables.

In mathematics, differential calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with the process of finding the derivative of a …

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Integral Calculus – Definition, Formulas, Methods, Applications, Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integral calculus is the branch of calculus where we study integrals and their properties. Integration is an essential concept which is the inverse process of differentiation. Both the integral and differential calculus are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. In this article, you will learn what is integral calculus, why it is used, its types, formulas, examples, and applications of integral calculus in detail.

Integral Calculus is the branch of calculus where we study integrals and their properties. Integration is an essential concept which …

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Integration in Maths – Definition, Formulas and Types, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration is the calculation of an integral. Integrals in maths are used to find many useful quantities such as areas, volumes, displacement, etc. When we speak about integrals, it is related to usually definite integrals. The indefinite integrals are used for antiderivatives. Integration is one of the two major calculus topics in mathematics, apart from differentiation(which measure the rate of change of any function with respect to its variables). It’s a vast topic which is discussed at higher level classes like in class 11 and 12. Integration by parts and by the substitution is explained broadly. Here, you will learn the definition of integrals in maths, formulas of integration along with examples.

Integration is the calculation of an integral. Integrals in maths are used to find many useful quantities such as areas, …

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Integrals | Definition, Meaning, Formula, Application and Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An integral in mathematics is a continuous analog of a sum that is used to determine areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Performing integration is the process of computing an integral and is one of the two basic concepts of calculus.

An integral in mathematics is a continuous analog of a sum that is used to determine areas, volumes, and their generalizations. …

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Integration by Substitution Method – Formula, Examples & Questions, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration by substitution or u-substitution is a highly used method of finding the integration of a complex function by reducing it to a simpler function and then finding its integration.

Integration by substitution or u-substitution is a highly used method of finding the integration of a complex function by reducing it to a …

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Integration by Partial Fractions – Method, Examples & Practice Problems, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration by partial fractions is one of the methods of integration, which is used to find the integral of the rational functions. In partial fraction decomposition, an improper-looking rational function is decomposed into the sum of various proper rational functions.

Integration by Partial Fractions is one of the methods of integration, which is used to find the integral of the …

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Integration by Parts | Formula, Derivation and Examples, Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration by parts or partial integration, is a technique used in calculus to evaluate the integral of a product of two functions.

Integration by Parts or Partial Integration, is a technique used in calculus to evaluate the integral of a product of two functions. The formula …

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Integration by Substitution Formula | Sample Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand

The process of finding the anti-derivative of a function is the inverse process of differentiation i.e. finding integral is the …

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Integration by Substitution Formula | Sample Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand

The process of finding the anti-derivative of a function is the inverse process of differentiation i.e. finding integral is the …

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Integration by Substitution Formula | Sample Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand

The process of finding the anti-derivative of a function is the inverse process of differentiation i.e. finding integral is the …

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Integration by Substitution Formula | Sample Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

August 8, 2025January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand

The process of finding the anti-derivative of a function is the inverse process of differentiation i.e. finding integral is the …

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Integration by Substitution Formula | Sample Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

August 8, 2025January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand

The process of finding the anti-derivative of a function is the inverse process of differentiation i.e. finding integral is the …

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Integral of Particular Functions (With Proof and Example) | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integral is the method to sum the functions on a large scale. Hence, here we have discussed integrals of some particular functions which are usually used for calculations. These integrals have huge applications in real life, such as finding the area between curves, volume, the average value of the function, kinetic energy, center of mass, work-done, etc.

Integral is the method to sum the functions on a large scale. Hence, here we have discussed integrals of some …

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Partial Fraction in Integration – Definition, Formula, Decomposition, Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Partial fractions are the fractions used for the decomposition of a rational expression. When an algebraic expression is split into a sum of two or more rational expressions, then each part is called a partial fraction. Hence, basically, it is the reverse of the addition of rational expressions. Similar to fractions, a partial fraction will have a numerator and denominator, where the denominator represents the decomposed part of a rational function.

Partial fractions are the fractions used for the decomposition of a rational expression. When an algebraic expression is split into …

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Integration by Parts – Formula, ILATE Rule & Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration by parts is a special technique of integration of two functions when they are multiplied. This method is also termed as partial integration. Another method to integrate a given function is integration by substitution method. These methods are used to make complicated integrations easy.

Integration by parts is a special technique of integration of two functions when they are multiplied. This method is also …

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Definite Integral – Definition, Formulas, Properties and Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 10, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An integral assigns numbers to functions in mathematics to define displacement, area, volume, and other notions that arise by connecting infinitesimal data. The process of finding integrals is called integration. Definite integrals are used when the limits are defined to generate a unique value. Indefinite integrals are implemented when the boundaries of the integrand are not specified. In case, the lower limit and upper limit of the independent variable of a function are specified, its integration is described using definite integrals. Also, we have several integral formulas to deal with various definite integral problems in maths.

An integral assigns numbers to functions in mathematics to define displacement, area, volume, and other notions that arise by connecting …

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Area Under The Curve Using Integration | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In calculus, we have seen definite integral as a limit of a sum and we know how to evaluate it using the fundamental theorem of calculus. In the upcoming discussion, we will see an easier way of finding the area bounded by any curve and x-axis between given coordinates. To determine the area under the curve we follow the below method.

In Calculus, we have seen definite integral as a limit of a sum and we know how to evaluate it …

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Area under Curves – Tricks for Solving Area under Curves | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
If the area under one curve and another curve can be found, then the area between the curves can be calculated.

Important Concepts on Area under the Curves If the area under one curve and another curve can be found, then …

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Application of Integrals MCQs (With Answers) | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Check out the class 12 maths chapter 8 application of integrals multiple-choice questions. Each mcq has four options, but only one of them is correct. Students must select the appropriate option and compare their results to the solutions on this page. Also, check important questions for class 12 maths.

MCQs on Class 12 Maths Chapter Application of Integrals Check out the Class 12 Maths Chapter 8 Application of Integrals …

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Indefinite Integrals MCQs With Answers | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Check out the mcqs for class 12 maths chapter 7 integrals. Each mcq is provided with four options, out of which only one option is correct. Students should choose the correct option and cross-verify their answers to the solutions provided on our page. Also, check important questions for class 12 maths.

MCQs on Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 Integrals Check out the MCQs for Class 12 Maths Chapter 7 Integrals. Each …

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Important Integration Questions With Answers | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Integration questions with answers are available here for students of class 11 and class 12. Integration is an important topic for 11th and 12th standard students as these concepts are further covered in higher studies. The problems provided here are as per the cbse board and ncert curriculum. Exercising these questions will help students to solve the hard questions also and obtain more marks in the exam. Learn integration rules here.

Integration questions with answers are available here for students of Class 11 and Class 12. Integration is an important topic …

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Area Between Two Curves Using Integration | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 11, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
As we all know, integration means calculating the area by dividing the region into many elementary strips and then adding up these elemental areas. We can calculate the area bounded by a curve and a line between a given set of points at this stage. In the upcoming discussion, you will learn how to find the enclosed area between two curves in calculus with two cases and examples.

As we all know, integration means calculating the area by dividing the region into many elementary strips and then adding …

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Differential Equations | Types, Order, Degree, Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 15, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A differential equation is an equation which contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one variable (i. E. , dependent variable) with respect to the other variable (i. E. , independent variable)

Differential Equation Definition A differential equation is an equation which contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one …

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Types of Differential Equations | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 15, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An equation with one or more terms that involve derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to an independent variable is known as a differential equation.

An equation with one or more terms that involve derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to an independent variable …

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Solution Of A Differential Equation -General & Particular | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 15, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The solution of a differential equation – general and particular will use integration in some steps to solve it. We will be learning how to solve a differential equation with the help of solved examples. Also learn to the general solution for first-order and second-order differential equation.

Solving Differential Equations The solution of a differential equation – General and particular will use integration in some steps to …

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Separable Differential Equation-Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 15, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A differential equation is an equation of the form

A differential equation is an equation of the form \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x} = g(x),\;\;\;\; where\;\; y = f(x)\end{array} \). General …

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Vectors in Maths-Unit Vector, Zero or null Vector, Magnitude of Vector, Operations on Vectors, Dot product of  Vectors, Scalar Triple Product

January 15, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Vectors, in maths, are objects which have both, magnitude and direction. Magnitude defines the size of the vector. It is represented by a line with an arrow, where the length of the line is the magnitude of the vector and the arrow shows the direction. It is also known as euclidean vector or geometric vector or spatial vector or simply “vector“.  

Vectors, in Maths, are objects which have both, magnitude and direction. Magnitude defines the size of the vector. It is represented …

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Types of Vectors | Zero Vector, Unit Vector, Position Vector, Co-initial Vector, Like & Unlike Vectors, Co-planar Vectors, Collinear Vectors, Equal Vectors, Displacement Vector, Negative of a Vector

January 16, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Vector is a physical quantity that has both direction and magnitude. In other words, the vectors are defined as an object comprising both magnitude and direction. It describes the movement of the object from one point to another. The below figure shows the vector with head, tail, magnitude and direction.

What is a vector? Vector is a physical quantity that has both direction and magnitude. In other words, the vectors …

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Laws of Vector Addition- Parallelogram, Triangle Law, Vector Addition | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 16, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A vector is a physical quantity which is represented both in direction and magnitude. In the upcoming discussion, we shall learn about how to add different vectors. There are different laws of vector addition and they are:

Laws of Vector Addition A vector is a physical quantity which is represented both in direction and magnitude. In the …

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Multiplication Of Vectors by a Scalar Quantity with examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 16, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A vector relates two given points. It is a mathematical quantity having both the magnitude and the direction.

A vector relates two given points. It is a mathematical quantity having both the Magnitude and the direction. Multiplication of …

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Scalar or Dot Product Of Two Vectors | Projection of Vector | Definition, Properties, Formulas and Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 16, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Some mathematical operations can be performed on vectors such as addition and multiplication. The multiplication of vectors can be done in two ways, i. E. Dot product and cross product. In this article, you will learn the dot product of two vectors with the help of examples.

Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Some mathematical operations can be performed on vectors such as …

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Direction Cosines & Direction Ratios – Definitions & Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 16, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
When a directed line op passing through the origin makes \(\begin{array}{l}\alpha \end{array} \) , \(\begin{array}{l}\beta\end{array} \) and \(\begin{array}{l} \gamma\end{array} \) angles with the \(\begin{array}{l}x\end{array} \) , \(\begin{array}{l}y \end{array} \) and \(\begin{array}{l}z \end{array} \) axis respectively with o as the reference, these angles are referred as the direction angles of the line and the cosine of these angles give us the direction cosines. These direction cosines are usually represented as l, m and n.

Direction Cosines When a directed line OP passing through the origin makes \(\begin{array}{l}\alpha \end{array} \) , \(\begin{array}{l}\beta\end{array} \) and \(\begin{array}{l} …

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Equation of Line in Three Dimensions | Cartesian & vector Equation | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Equation of a line is defined as y= mx+c, where c is the y-intercept and m is the slope. Vectors can be defined as a quantity possessing both direction and magnitude. Position vectors simply denote the position or location of a point in the three-dimensional cartesian system with respect to a reference origin.

Equation of a line is defined as y= mx+c, where c is the y-intercept and m is the slope. Vectors …

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Angles Between two Lines in 3D Space: Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A line in mathematics and geometry is a fundamental concept representing a straight, one-dimensional figure that extends infinitely in both directions. Lines are characterized by having no thickness and being perfectly straight. Here are some important aspects and definitions related to lines:

A line in mathematics and geometry is a fundamental concept representing a straight, one-dimensional figure that extends infinitely in both …

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Shortest Distance Between Two Lines in 3D Space, Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The shortest distance between two lines in three-dimensional space is the length of the perpendicular segment drawn from a point on one line to the other line. This distance can be found using vector calculus or analytical geometry techniques, such as finding the vector equation of each line and calculating the distance between them. The formula involves determining the dot product and cross product of vectors associated with the lines. This concept is essential in various fields like physics, engineering, and computer graphics for determining proximity and collision detection.

The shortest distance between two lines in three-dimensional space is the length of the perpendicular segment drawn from a point …

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Probability-Definition, Formula, Types, Problems & Solutions | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Probability means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a random event. The value is expressed from zero to one. Probability has been introduced in maths to predict how likely events are to happen.  the meaning of probability is basically the extent to which something is likely to happen. This is the basic probability theory, which is also used in the probability distribution, where you will learn the possibility of outcomes for a random experiment. To find the probability of a single event to occur, first, we should know the total number of possible outcomes.

Probability means possibility. It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a random event. The value is …

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Conditional Probability, Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Imagine a student who takes leave from school twice a week excluding sunday. If it is known that he will be absent from school on tuesday then what are the chances that he will also take a leave on saturday in the same week? It is observed that in problems where the occurrence of one event affects the happening of the following event. These cases of probability are known as conditional probability. Let us learn its definition mathematically.

Imagine a student who takes leave from school twice a week excluding Sunday. If it is known that he will …

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Multiplication Rule of Probability | Proof & Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The multiplication rule of probability explains the condition between two events. For two events a and b associated with a sample space s set a∩b denotes the events in which both events a and event b have occurred. Hence, (a∩b) denotes the simultaneous occurrence of events a and b. Event a∩b can be written as ab. The probability of event ab is obtained by using the properties of conditional probability.

The multiplication rule of probability explains the condition between two events. For two events A and B associated with a …

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Independent & Mutually Exclusive Events in Probability-Definition, Venn Diagram & Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Independent events are those events whose occurrence is not dependent on any other event. For example, if we flip a coin in the air and get the outcome as head, then again if we flip the coin but this time we get the outcome as tail. In both cases, the occurrence of both events is independent of each other. It is one of the types of events in probability. Let us learn here the complete definition of independent events along with its venn diagram, examples and how it is different from mutually exclusive events.

Independent events are those events whose occurrence is not dependent on any other event. For example, if we flip a …

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Bayes Theorem | Definition, Proof, Formula, Derivation & Solved Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Bayes’ theorem describes the probability of occurrence of an event related to any condition. It is also considered for the case of conditional probability. Bayes theorem is also known as the formula for the probability of “causes”. For example: if we have to calculate the probability of taking a blue ball from the second bag out of three different bags of balls, where each bag contains three different colour balls viz. Red, blue, black. In this case, the probability of occurrence of an event is calculated depending on other conditions is known as conditional probability.  in this article, let us discuss the statement and proof for bayes theorem, its derivation, formula, and many solved examples.

Bayes’ theorem describes the probability of occurrence of an event related to any condition. It is also considered for the …

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Probability Distribution | Definition, Types, Formula, Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In statistics, the probability distribution gives the possibility of each outcome of a random experiment or event. It provides the probabilities of different possible occurrences.

In Statistics, the probability distribution gives the possibility of each outcome of a random experiment or event. It provides the …

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Probability Bernoulli Trial & Binomial Distribution of Random Variables | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution are explained here in a brief manner.   bernoulli’s trial is also said to be a binomial trial. In the case of the bernoulli trial, there are only two possible outcomes. But, in the case of the binomial distribution, we get the number of successes in a sequence of independent experiments.

Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution are explained here in a brief manner.  Bernoulli’s trial is also said to be a …

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Linear Programming-Definition, Methods & Examples | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Linear programming is a method of optimising operations with some constraints. The main objective of linear programming is to maximize or minimize the numerical value. It consists of linear functions which are subjected to the constraints in the form of linear equations or in the form of inequalities.  linear programming is considered an important technique that is used to find the optimum resource utilisation. The term “linear programming” consists of two words as linear and programming. The word “linear” defines the relationship between multiple variables with degree one. The word “programming” defines the process of selecting the best solution from various alternatives.

Linear programming is a method of optimising operations with some constraints. The main objective of linear programming is to maximize …

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Linear Programming Problem LPP-Simplex & Graphical Method | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Linear programming problems (lpp): linear programming or linear optimization is a process which takes into consideration certain linear relationships to obtain the best possible solution to a mathematical model. It is also denoted as lpp. It includes problems dealing with maximizing profits, minimizing costs, minimal usage of resources, etc. These problems can be solved through the simplex method or graphical method.

Linear Programming Problems (LPP): Linear programming or linear optimization is a process which takes into consideration certain linear relationships to …

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Types of Linear Programming Problems | Class 12 Math Notes Study Material Download Free PDF

January 17, 2025 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Linear programming or linear optimization is a process that takes into consideration certain linear relationships to obtain the best possible solution to a mathematical model. It includes problems dealing with maximizing profits, minimizing costs, minimal usage of resources, etc. These problems are known as linear programming problems (lpp). The lpp’s applications can be found in broad disciplines such as commerce, industry, marketing, distribution, military, economic, business, etc. In this section, we will discuss different types of linear programming problems in detail.

Linear programming or linear optimization is a process that takes into consideration certain linear relationships to obtain the best possible …

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