Bond Order-Definition, Bond Angle, Bond Length, Bond Dissociation Energy, Magnetic Character
Several bond parameters, such as bond length, bond angle, bond order, and bond energy, can be used to characterize covalent …
Chemistry Class 11
VSEPR Theory: Postulates, Limitations, Shape of Molecules & FAQs
VSEPR Theory tells us about the basic structure of the molecules based on the force of repulsion between lone pair …
Valence Bond Theory(VBT): Postulates, Applications & Limitations
Valence bond theory (VBT) describes the formation of covalent bonds and the electronic structure of molecules. It assumes that electrons …
Hybridization-Definition, Types, Rules, Examples-Chemistry Class 11 Notes
The concept of hybridization is defined as the process of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new type of …
Hybridization-Definition, Types, Rules, Examples-Chemistry Class 11 Notes
The concept of hybridization is defined as the process of combining two atomic orbitals to create a new type of …
Molecular Orbital Theory(MOT)-Chemical Bonding Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study material
The Molecular Orbital Theory is a chemical bonding theory developed at the turn of the twentieth century by F. R. …
Hydrogen Bonding–Definition, Types, Effects and Properties
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom. It is a …
Hydrogen Bonding–Definition, Types, Effects and Properties
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond is an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom. It is a …
Thermodynamics-Laws Of Thermodynamics, Applications with Examples
What is Thermodynamics? The branch which deals with the movement of energy from one form to the other and the …
Thermodynamics Laws,Systems,Properties,Processes Notes
Thermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms …
Intensive and Extensive Properties – Definition, Examples with FAQs
What is Intensive Property? An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the substance or …
State Functions in Thermodynamics-Definition, Examples, Types
What Is State Function in Thermodynamics? A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific …
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Definition, Applications & FAQs
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two …
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Definition, Applications & FAQs
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two …
First Law of Thermodynamics – Equations, Limitations and Examples
Before we get into the first law of thermodynamics, we need to understand the relation between heat and work and …
First Law of Thermodynamics-Solved Examples, Limitations, FAQs, Class 11 Chemistry Notes Study Material
First Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, …
What is Internal Energy? – Definition, Formula, Equation & Examples with FAQs
What is Internal Energy? An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular …
Second Law Of Thermodynamics Equation, Kelvin & Plank Statement
Second Law of Thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher …
Enthalpy-Definition, Endothermic Exothermic Reactions-Thermodynamics Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study Material
What is Enthalpy? Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the …
Heat Capacity-Definition & Equation with FAQs-Thermodynamics Class 11 Notes
What is Heat Capacity? The heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of heat required to …
Specific Heat Capacity & Water-Units, Formula, Detailed Explanation with Examples
Heat is a form of energy, often called thermal energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to another (a …
Measurement Of Enthalpy-Comparison Enthalpy & Internal, Principle of Calorimeter
Generally, the measurement of enthalpy and internal energy is done by an experimental technique known as calorimetry. Calorimetry techniques are …
Hess’s Law -Constant Heat Summation-Definition, Equation, Formula & Applications
What is Hess’s Law? Hess’s law is one of the important outcomes of the first law of thermodynamics. The enthalpy …
Bond Dissociation Enthalpy-Definition, Detailed Explanation With Examples
Bond Dissociation Enthalpy Bond dissociation enthalpy can be defined as the standard change in enthalpy when a bond is cleaved …
Standard Enthalpy of Formation & Combustion-Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
As we know all reactions result in the formation of products from the reactants. Of all the reactions that take …
Sublimation-Phase Transition, Definition & Examples with FAQs
What is Sublimation? The term sublimation is the passage or the transformation or conversion that substances undergo when passing from …
Second Law Of Thermodynamics-Formula, Definition, Statements, Equations & FAQs
The second law of thermodynamics puts restrictions upon the direction of heat transfer and achievable efficiencies of heat engines. The …
What are Thermodynamic Cycles? Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel
Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used …
What are Thermodynamic Cycles? Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel
Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used …
Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system …
Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system …
Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and Reactions-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the …
Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and Reactions-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the …
State Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Types and Examples
State Functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i.e. they are concerned about the …
Internal Energy as a State of System-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
The various forms of energy are interconnected, and they can be converted from one form to another under certain conditions. …
Enthalpy Change of a Reaction-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes
The study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone. For …
Enthalpy of formation, Combustion, Solution, Neutralisation, Hydration, Fusion, Vapourisation, Sublimation, Transition, Bond Enthalpy
Thermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships …
Entropy-Meaning, Definition, Formula, Thermodynamic Relation
Entropy can be defined in several ways and thus can be applied in various stages or instances, such as in …
State Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Examples, Types
What Is State Function in Thermodynamics? A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific …
Gibbs Energy Change – Standard Gibbs Free Energy, Equation, Example
In order to account for the change in both entropy and enthalpy, J.Willard Gibbs defined a new function, which we …
Spontaneity in Thermodynamics – Spontaneous reaction & Gibbs Equation
According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the total energy of an isolated system always remains constant. The first law …
Third Law of Thermodynamics – Entropy at Absolute Zero
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal …
Third Law of Thermodynamics – Entropy at Absolute Zero
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal …
What is Spontaneity?-Definition, Types, Gibbs Energy for Spontaneous Process
What Is Spontaneity? The phrase spontaneity refers to a process’s viability. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on …
Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium-Effect of Temperature on spontaneity of a Process
Energy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object’s movement, potential energy produced by an object’s position, …
Define Equilibrium-Equilibrium in Physical Processes, Types, Characteristics of Equilibrium In Physical Processes
What is the meaning of Equilibrium? An equilibrium represents a state in a process when the observable properties such as …
Equilibrium in Chemical Processes-Dynamic Nature of Chemical Processes in Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium is the state of a system in which the reactant and product concentrations do not change over time …
Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant-Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium Constant
During a chemical process, chemical equilibrium refers to the state in which the concentrations of both reactants and products have …
Difference between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria-Class 11 Chemistry Notes
In our daily lives, we witness several reactions such as iron rusting, paper burning, curd sourness, ozone generation, and so …
Characteristics of Equilibrium Constant, Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy
When a chemical process reaches equilibrium, the equilibrium constant (usually represented by the symbol K) provides information on the relationship …
What is the Relation between Equilibrium Constant, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Energy?
A scientist was observing a reaction and at a certain point and found the concentration of reactant is equal to …
Le-Chatelier’s Principle-Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
When the concentrations of reactants and products do not change over time, they are said to be in a state …
Energy Change Due To Equilibrium |Physical & Chemical Equilibrium
What is Equilibrium ? Everything in the universe tries to achieve minimum energy criteria (less energy- substance is more stable) …
Dynamic Equilibrium – Definition, Examples, Static vs Dynamic Equilibrium
What Is Dynamic Equilibrium? Dynamic Equilibrium can be defined as the state of a given system in which the reversible …
Law of Mass Action – Definition, Formula, Application, Relation Between Kc, Kp
What is the Law of Mass Action? The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is …
Equilibrium Constant (Kc, Kp) Relation -Definition, Units, Applications, Formula, Reaction Quotient and Gibbs Free Energy
What Is the Equilibrium Constant? The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction (usually denoted by the symbol K) provides insight …
Le Chatelier’s Principles – Effect of Change of Volume, Pressure, Temperature or Inert Gas on Equilibrium and Product Formation
What Are Le Chatelier’s Principles? Le Chatelier’s principles, also known as the equilibrium law, are used to predict the effect …
Ionic Equilibrium-Ostwald’s Dilution Law: Degree of Dissociation
Reactants and products coexist in equilibrium, therefore reactant conversion to product is never greater than 100%. Equilibrium reactions may entail …
Acids, Bases, and Salts – Definition, Types, Properties, and Uses
Acids, Bases, and Salts Acids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids, Bases, …
Acids, Bases, and Salts – Definition, Types, Properties, and Uses
Acids, Bases, and Salts Acids, Bases, and Salts are the main chemical compounds that exist in our surroundings. Acids, Bases, …
Ionization of Acids and Bases-Arrhenius Acid Base Theory
Ionization of a compound in Chemistry is the process by which neutral molecules are divided into charged ions in a …
Acid Base Buffer Solution-Definition, Types, Formula, Examples, and FAQs
Buffer Solution is a special aqueous solution that resists the change in its pH when some quantity of acid and …
Acid Base Buffer Solution-Definition, Types, Formula, Examples, and FAQs
Buffer Solution is a special aqueous solution that resists the change in its pH when some quantity of acid and …
Solubility Equilibria-Solubility Product Constant-Class 11 Ionic Equilibrium Notes
The word “solubility product” refers to inexpensively soluble salts. It is the greatest product of the molar concentration of the …
Ionic Equilibrium – Ostwald Dilution Law, Degree of Dissociation, Ionization
In ionic equilibrium, the ionic substance dissociates into its ions in polar solvents. The ions formed are always in equilibrium …
Ionization of Acid And Bases – Arrhenius Concept of Acid And Base Ionisation, Ionisation Constant, Examples And FAQS
What is Ionization? Ionization of a compound refers to a process in which a neutral molecule splits into charged ions …
Electrolyte – Definition, List of Electrolytes and Examples with FAQs
What are Electrolytes? An electrolyte is a substance that dissociates in water into charged particles called ions. Positively charged ions …
Di and Polybasic Acids and Bases – Definition, Ionisation, Basicity, Acidity
What are Polybasic Acids? Acids capable of yielding more than one hydronium ion per molecule are called polybasic acids, the …
Acid Strength-Factors Affecting Acid Strength, Order, Chart, Trends
You are already aware of the term acids. You have learned about the physical and chemical properties of acids. Some …
pH of Acids & Bases-Definition, pH Value, pH Scale, Temperature Effect on pH of Pure Water, pH Chemistry
What is pH? pH Definition pH is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. Hence the meaning of …
pH of Acids & Bases-Definition, pH Value, pH Scale, Temperature Effect on pH of Pure Water, pH Chemistry
What is pH? pH Definition pH is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. Hence the meaning of …
Salt Hydrolysis, Salts of strong acid and strong base, Salts of weak acid and strong base, Salts of strong acid and weak base
Introduction Salt is a compound formed by the neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base. They generally ionise in …
Buffer Solution – Acidic and Basic Buffers, Preparations, Buffer Action, Handerson Hasselbalch Equation, Buffer Capacity, Uses
A buffer solution is a water solvent-based solution which consists of a mixture containing a weak acid and the conjugate …
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation – Estimating the pH of Buffers in Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation provides a relationship between the pH of acids (in aqueous solutions) and …
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)-Definition, Formula, Significance, FAQs
What is the Solubility Product, Ksp? The solubility product constant is the equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a solid …
Common Ion Effect and pH-Class 11 Chemistry Equilibrium Notes Study Material
The common ion effect is an effect that suppresses the ionization of an electrolyte when another electrolyte (which contains an …
Redox Reactions – Definition, Examples, Types & Balancing | Anand Classes Notes by Neeraj Anand
Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, are a fundamental concept in chemistry that involve the transfer of electrons between two …
Redox Reactions in terms of Electron Transfer-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
A variety of chemical and biological reactions like burning of different types of fuels (wood, kerosene, coal, LPG, petrol, diesel), …
Oxidation Number | Definition, How To Find, Rules, Solved Examples
Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, are a fundamental concept in chemistry that involve the transfer of electrons between two …
Redox Reactions and Standard Electrode Potential – Notes, Study Material, and Factors Affecting Electrode Potential
Understanding redox reactions and the concept of standard electrode potential is essential for mastering electrochemistry, a key topic in Class …
Balancing Oxidation and Reduction Reactions – Definition, Differences, Solved Examples, FAQs
Balancing oxidation and reduction reactions is a critical skill in mastering redox chemistry, especially for students of Class 11 Chemistry …
Balancing Oxidation and Reduction Reactions – Definition, Differences, Solved Examples, FAQs
Balancing oxidation and reduction reactions is a critical skill in mastering redox chemistry, especially for students of Class 11 Chemistry …
Redox Reactions-Balancing, Examples, Types, Applications
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ …
Redox Reactions-Balancing, Examples, Types, Applications
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ …
Oxidation Number and Oxidation State – Definition, Calculation, Examples & Solved Problems | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Understanding the concepts of oxidation number and oxidation state is fundamental to mastering redox reactions in Class 11 Chemistry. These …
Oxidation Number and Oxidation State – Definition, Calculation, Examples & Solved Problems | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Understanding the concepts of oxidation number and oxidation state is fundamental to mastering redox reactions in Class 11 Chemistry. These …
Redox Reactions Class 11 – Practice Questions with Answers & Explanations | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Mastering Redox Reactions is crucial for success in Class 11 Chemistry, as well as in competitive exams like JEE, NEET, …
Redox Reactions Class 11 – Practice Questions with Answers & Explanations | Anand Classes by Neeraj Anand
Mastering Redox Reactions is crucial for success in Class 11 Chemistry, as well as in competitive exams like JEE, NEET, …
Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Techniques-Class 11 Chemistry Notes Study Material
Organic Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, properties, composition, and reaction of …
What is Catenation and Tetravalency? Organic Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study Material
Carbon is a non-metallic element. Carbon is found in very small amounts in the earth’s crust and atmosphere. Even though …
Structural Representation of Organic Compounds: Types & Formula
Organic compounds are the most widely used compounds in chemistry as well as in everyday life. Any organic compound has …
Structural Representation of Organic Compounds: Types & Formula
Organic compounds are the most widely used compounds in chemistry as well as in everyday life. Any organic compound has …
Classification of Organic Compounds with Structure and Examples
Organic compounds are defined as chemical compounds which contain carbon atoms linked with other elements through simple covalent bonds. These …
Classification of Organic Compounds with Structure and Examples
Organic compounds are defined as chemical compounds which contain carbon atoms linked with other elements through simple covalent bonds. These …
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: Rules and Examples
Organic Compounds are those which have Carbon-Hydrogen or Carbon-Carbon bonds. Chemistry is studied under three branches Organic, Inorganic, and Physical …
Isomerism – Definition, Types, Structure, Examples, and FAQs
Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or …
Organic Reaction Mechanism-Free Radicals, Electromeric Effect, Inductive effect, Hyperconjugation Effect, Resonance Effect
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds except for oxides of carbon and metal carbonates. Carbon has the uncommon …
Organic Reaction Mechanism-Free Radicals, Electromeric Effect, Inductive effect, Hyperconjugation Effect, Resonance Effect
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds except for oxides of carbon and metal carbonates. Carbon has the uncommon …
Purification of Organic Compounds-Sublimation, Crystallization, Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Vacuum Distillation, Steam Distillation, Differential Extraction, Chromatography
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules’ structure, characteristics, content, reactions, and production. The majority of organic compounds contain …
Purification of Organic Compounds-Sublimation, Crystallization, Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Vacuum Distillation, Steam Distillation, Differential Extraction, Chromatography
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules’ structure, characteristics, content, reactions, and production. The majority of organic compounds contain …
