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Chemical Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics-Laws Of Thermodynamics, Applications with Examples

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The branch which deals with the movement of energy from one form to the other and the relation between heat and temperature with energy and work done is called as thermodynamics.

What is Thermodynamics? The branch which deals with the movement of energy from one form to the other and the …

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Thermodynamics Laws,Systems,Properties,Processes Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Thermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms of energy.

Thermodynamics is concerned with the ideas of heat and temperature, as well as the exchange of heat and other forms …

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Intensive and Extensive Properties – Definition, Examples with FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the substance or system.

What is Intensive Property? An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the substance or …

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State Functions in Thermodynamics-Definition, Examples, Types

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific value is known as a state function or point function.

What Is State Function in Thermodynamics? A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific …

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Definition, Applications & FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two bodies are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Ralph h.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two …

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Definition, Applications & FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two bodies are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Ralph h.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with another third body than the two …

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First Law of Thermodynamics – Equations, Limitations and Examples

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Before we get into the first law of thermodynamics, we need to understand the relation between heat and work and the concept of internal energy. Just like mass, energy is always conserved, i. E. , it can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. Internal energy is a thermodynamic property of the system that refers to the energy associated with the molecules of the system, which includes kinetic energy and potential energy.

Before we get into the first law of thermodynamics, we need to understand the relation between heat and work and …

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First Law of Thermodynamics-Solved Examples, Limitations, FAQs, Class 11 Chemistry Notes Study Material

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
First law of thermodynamics adaptation of the law of conservation of energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: heat, thermodynamic work, and energy associated with matter transfer. It also relates each type of energy transfer to a property of a body’s internal energy.

First Law of Thermodynamics adaptation of the Law of Conservation of Energy differentiates between three types of energy transfer: Heat, …

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What is Internal Energy? – Definition, Formula, Equation & Examples with FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular state of motion of matter. The symbol u is used for the internal energy and the unit of measurement is the joules (j).

What is Internal Energy? An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular …

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Second Law Of Thermodynamics Equation, Kelvin & Plank Statement

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Second law of thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher temperature in a cyclic process. The second law of thermodynamics deals with transferring heat naturally from a hotter body to a colder body.

Second Law of Thermodynamics defines that heat cannot move from a reservoir of lower temperature to a reservoir of higher …

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Enthalpy-Definition, Endothermic Exothermic Reactions-Thermodynamics Chemistry Class 11 Notes Study Material

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the total content of heat of a system, equivalent to the system’s internal energy plus the product of volume and pressure.

What is Enthalpy? Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the …

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Heat Capacity-Definition & Equation with FAQs-Thermodynamics Class 11 Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree.

What is Heat Capacity? The heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of heat required to …

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Specific Heat Capacity & Water-Units, Formula, Detailed Explanation with Examples

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Heat is a form of energy, often called thermal energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to another (a blender transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy), but it cannot be created nor destroyed; rather, energy is conserved.

Heat is a form of energy, often called thermal energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to another (a …

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Measurement Of Enthalpy-Comparison Enthalpy & Internal, Principle of Calorimeter

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Generally, the measurement of enthalpy and internal energy is done by an experimental technique known as calorimetry.

Generally, the measurement of enthalpy and internal energy is done by an experimental technique known as calorimetry. Calorimetry techniques are …

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Hess’s Law -Constant Heat Summation-Definition, Equation, Formula & Applications

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Hess’s law is one of the important outcomes of the first law of thermodynamics.

What is Hess’s Law? Hess’s law is one of the important outcomes of the first law of thermodynamics. The enthalpy …

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Bond Dissociation Enthalpy-Definition, Detailed Explanation With Examples

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Bond dissociation enthalpy can be defined as the standard change in enthalpy when a bond is cleaved via homolytic fission. The products formed from the homolysis of the bond are generally radicals.

Bond Dissociation Enthalpy Bond dissociation enthalpy can be defined as the standard change in enthalpy when a bond is cleaved …

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Standard Enthalpy of Formation & Combustion-Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
As we know all reactions result in the formation of products from the reactants. Of all the reactions that take place, some absorb energy while other results in the evolution of energy.

As we know all reactions result in the formation of products from the reactants. Of all the reactions that take …

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Sublimation-Phase Transition, Definition & Examples with FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The term sublimation is the passage or the transformation or conversion that substances undergo when passing from one state to another, for example from a solid substance to gas.

What is Sublimation? The term sublimation is the passage or the transformation or conversion that substances undergo when passing from …

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Second Law Of Thermodynamics-Formula, Definition, Statements, Equations & FAQs

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The second law of thermodynamics puts restrictions upon the direction of heat transfer and achievable efficiencies of heat engines.

The second law of thermodynamics puts restrictions upon the direction of heat transfer and achievable efficiencies of heat engines. The …

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What are Thermodynamic Cycles? Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate.

Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used …

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What are Thermodynamic Cycles? Carnot, Rankine, Otto, and Diesel

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate.

Thermodynamic cycles are used to explain how heat engines, which convert heat into work, operate. A thermodynamic cycle is used …

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Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system of the gas.

The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system …

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Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system of the gas.

The branch of thermodynamics deals with the process of heat exchange by the gas or the temperature of the system …

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Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and Reactions-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the branch of thermodynamics. It is denoted by the symbol h.

Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the …

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Enthalpy: Definition, Formula and Reactions-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the branch of thermodynamics. It is denoted by the symbol h.

Enthalpy is the measurement of heat or energy in the thermodynamic system. It is the most fundamental concept in the …

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State Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Types and Examples

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
State functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i. E. They are concerned about the final state and not how the state is achieved.

State Functions are the functions that are independent of the path of the function i.e. they are concerned about the …

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Internal Energy as a State of System-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The various forms of energy are interconnected, and they can be converted from one form to another under certain conditions.

The various forms of energy are interconnected, and they can be converted from one form to another under certain conditions. …

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Enthalpy Change of a Reaction-Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes

December 13, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone.

The study of thermodynamics is the study of systems that are too large to be extrapolated by mechanics alone. For …

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Enthalpy of formation, Combustion, Solution, Neutralisation, Hydration, Fusion, Vapourisation, Sublimation, Transition, Bond Enthalpy

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Thermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships with energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.

Thermodynamics is a field of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships …

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Entropy-Meaning, Definition, Formula, Thermodynamic Relation

August 22, 2025December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Entropy can be defined in several ways and thus can be applied in various stages or instances, such as in a thermodynamic stage, cosmology, and even in economics.

Entropy can be defined in several ways and thus can be applied in various stages or instances, such as in …

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State Functions in Thermodynamics – Definition, Examples, Types

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific value is known as a state function or point function.

What Is State Function in Thermodynamics? A property whose value doesn’t depend on the path taken to reach that specific …

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Gibbs Energy Change – Standard Gibbs Free Energy, Equation, Example

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
In order to account for the change in both entropy and enthalpy, j. Willard gibbs defined a new function, which we now call gibbs energy change or gibbs potential (g). This function is independent of variations in pressure and temperature.

In order to account for the change in both entropy and enthalpy, J.Willard Gibbs defined a new function, which we …

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Spontaneity in Thermodynamics – Spontaneous reaction & Gibbs Equation

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total energy of an isolated system always remains constant.

According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the total energy of an isolated system always remains constant. The first law …

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Third Law of Thermodynamics – Entropy at Absolute Zero

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a temperature of zero kelvin (absolute zero) is equal to zero.

What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal …

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Third Law of Thermodynamics – Entropy at Absolute Zero

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a temperature of zero kelvin (absolute zero) is equal to zero.

What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics? The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal …

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What is Spontaneity?-Definition, Types, Gibbs Energy for Spontaneous Process

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
The phrase spontaneity refers to a process’s viability. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on its own or as a result of some kind of initiation under certain conditions. In other terms, a spontaneous process is one that may happen without any intervention. Feasible or probable processes are other names for spontaneous processes.

What Is Spontaneity? The phrase spontaneity refers to a process’s viability. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on …

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Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium-Effect of Temperature on spontaneity of a Process

December 14, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Energy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object’s movement, potential energy produced by an object’s position, heat energy transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference, radiant energy associated with sunlight, the electrical energy produced in galvanic cells, the chemical energy stored in chemical substances, and so on.

Energy can take many forms, including kinetic energy produced by an object’s movement, potential energy produced by an object’s position, …

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NCERT Solutions-Thermodynamics for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6

December 17, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Q-1: choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a quantity

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics Q-1: Choose the correct answer. A thermodynamic state function is a …

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NCERT Exemplar Solutions-Thermodynamics for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6

December 17, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
I. Multiple-choice questions (type-i)

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 6 Thermodynamics I. Multiple-choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Thermodynamics is not concerned about______. …

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NCERT Solutions-Equilibrium for Class 11 Chemistry

August 22, 2025December 18, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Q. 1. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the container is suddenly increased.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Q.1. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapour in a sealed …

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NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 7 – Equilibrium

August 22, 2025December 18, 2024 by Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
I. Multiple choice questions (type-i)

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. We know that the …

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