Aldehydes and Ketones: The carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde is connected to a hydrogen atom, which distinguishes it from ketones. A ketone, on the other hand, has two alkyl or aryl groups connected to its carbonyl carbon. The C–H link in aldehydes makes them easily oxidized (they are strong reducing agents).
Aldehydes are responsible for the pleasant smells of baking cookies. This article explained how aldehydes and ketones are employed in a variety of industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, scent, and cosmetics.
Did you know that an aldehyde is used as a flavoring in vanilla ice cream? The scent of jasmine blooms comes from this compound? Vanillin, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy Benzaldehyde, is the flavoring component in vanilla ice cream. The cyclic ketone Jasmone is responsible for Jasmine’s smell. Similarly, there are a variety of different aldehydes and ketones that we encounter on a daily basis.
Table of Contents
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carbonyl compounds include aldehydes and ketones. The general formula for aldehydes is RCHO, whereas the general formula for ketones is RCOR’. The C=O group is found in all carbonyl compounds.
Ketones and aldehydes are employed in the chemical industry as solvents, starting materials, and reagents in the manufacture of other goods. Formaldehyde is well recognized for its application in the preservation of biological specimens, but it’s also used to make a variety of essential polymers, including Bakelite. Ketones dissolve a wide variety of organic compounds and have low toxicity. They also have accessible boiling temperatures for facile distillation.
Many other ketones and aldehydes are utilized in foods, pharmaceuticals, and other items as flavorings and additives. Carvone gives spearmint chewing gum its minty flavor, whereas benzaldehyde is the main component in almond extract.
Aldehydes: Aldehydes have one hydrogen atom connected to the carbonyl group, as well as a hydrogen group or a second hydrogen atom, which can be a benzene ring or an alkyl group. For Example, Methanal, ethanal, etc.
Methanal
Ketones: The carbonyl in ketones is connected to two hydrocarbon groups. The ones with alkyl groups or benzene rings are these. The carbonyl group is devoid of hydrogen. For Example, Ethanone, propanone, etc.
Propanone
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
Because of their chemical characteristics, aldehydes and ketones are used in a variety of industries including pharmaceutical, food, fragrance, and cosmetics. Uses of aldehydes and ketones can be found in the sections below.
Uses of Aldehydes:
In biological laboratories, formaldehyde is a frequent chemical. Formaldehyde is most commonly used to make formalin, which is a 40 percent formaldehyde solution in water. The preservation of biological specimens is made easier with this solution.
Bakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde compound used in plastics, coatings, and adhesives, is widely utilized.
Urea-formaldehyde, also called urea-methanal, is a thermosetting synthetic resin or polymer that is non-transparent. It’s made up of [(O)CNHCH2NH]n repeat units and is made up of urea and formaldehyde. Adhesives, coatings, particleboard, MDF, and molded products all employ these resins.
Insecticides, antiseptics, and fungicides all work with aldehydes like glutaraldehyde. It affects bacteria’s and fungi’s cell membranes and cell walls, preventing them from working properly.
Many industrial processes, such as the manufacturing of glue, tanning, and polymeric products, use aldehydes as a precursor.
Photography and drug testing both employ formaldehyde.
Perfumes and scents, as well as the cosmetic and dye industries, rely heavily on aldehydes.
Acetaldehyde is a chemical that is used to make acetic acid and its derivatives, such as pyridine.
Aldehydes are also utilized as artificial flavoring agents, such as Benzaldehyde (aromatic aldehyde), which is added to different food products to give them an almond flavor. Perfumes, cosmetics, and colors all require it. It works as a bee repellent as well.
In the caramelization of sugars, aldehydes play a crucial role. The amino acids change the sugar’s aldehyde group into an unsaturated aldehyde when it is heated slowly. Sugar takes on the brown color of caramel as a result of this.
Cinnamaldehyde is a flavoring agent that is added to foods to give them a cinnamon flavor. In vanilla beans, vanillin is the primary flavoring agent.
Rhodopsin is formed when the retina (an aldehyde) and opsin (a protein) combine to generate rhodopsin, which is involved in vision.
The usage of certain herbs, such as coriander, in Indian cookery, is unavoidable. Because of the presence of some aldehydes, coriander has a distinct aroma. Coriander is made up of roughly 40 different chemical compounds, with 82 percent of them being aldehydes with 9–10 carbon atoms, which are responsible for the scent.
Uses of Ketones
Acetone is the most prevalent and basic of all ketones. It’s most typically used as a paint thinner and to remove nail polish.
Certain types of synthetic fibers and plastics respond well to ketones as a solvent.
Acetone dissolves various chemical compounds and is infinitely soluble in water at all concentrations. It may be easily eliminated by evaporation when no longer required because of its low boiling point (56°C).
Opiate addiction is treated with ketone methadone. Dopamine hormone is released in excess by opiates. Methadone binds to the brain’s dopamine receptor, removing the user’s physical need for opiates.
Ketones are commonly employed in the beauty industry as well as in medicine for things like chemical peeling and acne treatments.
In humans and other living beings, ketones serve a variety of vital roles. Progesterone, testosterone, cortisone, and aldosterone are all steroid hormones that are ketones.
Jasmine, honeysuckle, cherry, and strawberry are all perfumes made up of an aromatic ketone called acetophenone.
Butanone, or methyl ethyl ketone, is a popular solvent used in the production of textiles, varnishes, paint thinners, paraffin wax, and plastics, among other things.
Cyclohexanone, a cyclic ketone, is used to make nylon.
Aldehydes and Ketones- FAQs
What are the applications of ketones in everyday life?
In the chemical industry, ketones are often utilized as catalysts and solvents. Paints and perfumes frequently contain these substances. Acetophenone, Butanone, and acetone are examples of common ketones.
What are the uses of aldehyde?
Aldehydes are used to preserve plants and vegetables, as well as a germicide, fungicide, and pesticide, but their primary purpose is in the production of polymeric materials like bakelite novolac.
What are some uses of aldehydes and ketones in everyday life?
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon bark), vanillin (vanilla ice creams), Benzaldehyde (almonds), and formaldehyde (formaldehyde) are examples of aldehydes that are commonly employed in our daily life (preservation). Acetone (nail polish remover), Butanone (acne therapy), and Cyclohexanone (acne treatment) are examples of common ketones (nylon).
Define Aldehydes and Ketones.
Aldehydes have one hydrogen atom connected to the carbonyl group, as well as a hydrogen group or a second hydrogen atom, which can be a benzene ring or an alkyl group.
The carbonyl in ketones is connected to two hydrocarbon groups. The ones with alkyl groups or benzene rings are these. The carbonyl group is devoid of hydrogen.
Name some food items that contain aldehydes?
Fruit and essential oils both contain aldehydes. Cinnamon bark, almonds, coriander leaves, and vanilla beans are some of the most common sources of these compounds.
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.
S.No
Title
No. of Periods
Marks
1
Solutions
10
7
2
Electrochemistry
12
9
3
Chemical Kinetics
10
7
4
d -and f -Block Elements
12
7
5
Coordination Compounds
12
7
6
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
10
6
7
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
10
6
8
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
10
8
9
Amines
10
6
10
Biomolecules
12
7
Total
70
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme
The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.
Evaluation Scheme for Examination
Marks
Volumetric Analysis
08
Salt Analysis
08
Content-Based Experiment
06
Project Work and Viva
04
Class record and Viva
04
Total
30
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)
Unit -1: Solutions
Raoult's law.
Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
Van't Hoff factor.
Unit -2: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
Kohlrausch's Law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
Lead accumulator
Fuel cells
Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Activation energy
Arrhenius equation
Unit -4: d and f Block Elements
Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Unit -5: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
Bonding
Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism
Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Unit -9: Amines
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Unit -10: Biomolecules
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry:
Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.
Chapters in Physical Chemistry:
Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.
Chapters in Organic Chemistry:
Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.
In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.
Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
Q1
How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?
There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).
Q2
What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?
The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.
Q3
Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?
The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.
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