Carbonyl groups are organic compounds that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (>C=O) and are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and a hydrogen atom in aldehydes, while it is bonded to two carbon atoms in ketones. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are carbonyl compounds in which the carbonyl group is bonded to oxygen.
Table of Contents
What are Carboxylic Acids ?
Carboxylic acids are carbon compounds with a carboxyl functional group, –COOH. The carboxyl group is made up of a carbonyl group that is joined to a hydroxyl group, hence the name carboxyl.
There are aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) carboxylic acids which depend on the group attached to the carboxylic carbon that is alkyl or aryl. Nature contains a large number of carboxylic acids. Some higher aliphatic carboxylic acid (C12 – C18) esters of glycerol are found in natural fats as fatty acids. Carboxylic acids are the precursors to a wide range of important organic compounds such as anhydrides, esters, acid chlorides, amides, and so on.
Examples of Carboxylic acids are –
HCOOH – Formic acid
CH3COOH – Acetic acid
CH3CH2COOH – Propionic acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH – Butanoic acid
HOOC-COOH – Oxalic acid
HOOC -CH2 -COOH – Malonic acid
HOOC -(CH2 )4 -COOH – Adipic acid
C6H5-COOH – Benzoic acid
C6H5-CH2-COOH – Phenylacetic acid
Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
The following are some important carboxylic acid preparation methods.
From primary alcohols and aldehydes
Primary alcohols are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids by common oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4 ) in neutral, acidic, or alkaline medium, or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 ) and Jones reagent that is chromium trioxide (CrO3 ) in acidic medium.
Using mild oxidants, carboxylic acids can also be produced from aldehydes. When exposed to common oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and others, aldehydes are easily converted to carboxylic acids.
From alkylbenzenes
Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by oxidizing alkylbenzenes with chromic acid or acidic or alkaline potassium permanganate. Regardless of side-chain length, the entire side chain is oxidized to the carboxyl group. This method oxidizes primary and secondary alkyl groups while leaving tertiary groups alone. These oxidizing reagents also oxidize suitably substituted alkenes to carboxylic acids.
From nitriles and amides
In the presence of H+ or OH– as a catalyst, nitriles are hydrolyzed to amides and then to acids. In this reaction, mild reaction conditions are preferred so that reaction can be stopped at the amide stage.
From Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) in presence of dry ether to produce carboxylic acid salts, which are then acidified with a mineral acid to produce the corresponding carboxylic acids.
From acyl halides and anhydrides:
When acid chlorides are hydrolyzed with water, they produce carboxylic acids. When acid chlorides are hydrolyzed with an aqueous base, they produce carboxylate ions, which when acidified produce the corresponding carboxylic acids. Anhydrides, on the other hand, is hydrolyzed with water to produce the corresponding acid.
From esters
Acidic hydrolysis of esters yields carboxylic acids directly, whereas basic hydrolysis yields carboxylates, which when acidified yield the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Oxidation of Alkyl Benzenes
Oxidation of alkylbenzenes with K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 in acidic medium alkyl benzene is converted to benzoic acids. The oxidation takes place until all the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are oxidized.
Oxidation of Alkenes
Alkenes are easily oxidized in carboxylic acids when it is treated with the solutions of KMnO4 ( potassium permanganate) or K 2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate.)
Hydrolysis of Trihalogen Derivatives
Trihalogen derivative means 3 halogen atoms are connected to the same carbon atom. when Trihalogen derivatives undergo hydrolysis it produces carboxylic acids as:
Heating Gem Dicarboxylic Acids
When gem dicarboxylic acid is heating carbon dioxide is released and carboxylic acid is formed.
Oxidation of Methyl Ketone
The carboxylic acid can be made from methyl ketone-
Koch Reaction
When alkene is treated in steam with CO (carbon monoxide) under the pressure at 300-400°C, the carboxylic acid is formed. This reaction is also called Koch Reaction.
Sample Questions(FAQs)
Question 1: Write the IUPAC name of the following carboxylic acids-
HCOOH
CH3COOH
C6H5-COOH
HOOC -CH2-COOH
Answer:
HCOOH – Methanoic acid
CH3COOH – Ethanoic acid
C6H5-COOH – Benzenecarboxylic acid
HOOC -CH2-COOH – Propanedioic acid
Question 2: How acetophenone can be converted into benzoic acid?
Answer:
Acetophenone can be converted in benzoic acid by oxidation of acetophenone in the presence of acidic or alkaline potassium permanganate.
Question 3: Which one is more acidic in the following compounds:
Formic acid (HCOOH) or benzoic acid (C6H5-COOH),
CH3COOH or CH2FCOOH.
Answer:
Formic acid is more acidic as compared to benzoic acid because negative charge on O is more delocalized in HCOOH than benzoic acid.
CH2FCOOH is more acidic than CH3COOH because electronegative F atom is causing electron withdrawal from COOH and helps in release of H+.
Question 4: How to transform Butanol to butanoic acid?
Answer:
By oxidation of Butanol in presence of ammoniacal AgNO3 (Tollens reagent) produces butanoic acid.
Question 5: What is Grignard reagent, how Grignard reagent is used to produce carboxylic acid?
Answer:
A Grignard reagent is an organomagnesium halide with the formula RMgX, where X is a halogen (-Cl, -Br, or -I) and R is an alkyl or aryl group. Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide (dry ice) in presence of dry ether to produce carboxylic acid salts, which are then acidified with mineral acid to produce the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.
S.No
Title
No. of Periods
Marks
1
Solutions
10
7
2
Electrochemistry
12
9
3
Chemical Kinetics
10
7
4
d -and f -Block Elements
12
7
5
Coordination Compounds
12
7
6
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
10
6
7
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
10
6
8
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
10
8
9
Amines
10
6
10
Biomolecules
12
7
Total
70
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme
The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.
Evaluation Scheme for Examination
Marks
Volumetric Analysis
08
Salt Analysis
08
Content-Based Experiment
06
Project Work and Viva
04
Class record and Viva
04
Total
30
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)
Unit -1: Solutions
Raoult's law.
Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
Van't Hoff factor.
Unit -2: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
Kohlrausch's Law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
Lead accumulator
Fuel cells
Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Activation energy
Arrhenius equation
Unit -4: d and f Block Elements
Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Unit -5: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
Bonding
Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism
Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Unit -9: Amines
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Unit -10: Biomolecules
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry:
Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.
Chapters in Physical Chemistry:
Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.
Chapters in Organic Chemistry:
Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.
In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.
Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
Q1
How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?
There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).
Q2
What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?
The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.
Q3
Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?
The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.
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