Organic Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of the structure, properties, composition, and reaction of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It is the science of organic compounds and it started about 200-225 years ago.
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the scientific study of organic compounds (compounds that contain covalently bonded carbon atoms). In this, the structure and chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, and chemical reactions of these hydrocarbons are studied. Carbon forms bonds with itself and with other elements or compounds to form long chains of hydrocarbons. E.g. Methane (CH4) and Ethane (CH3-CH3).
Table of Contents
Structural Representation of Organic Compounds
Organic chemistry focuses on the highlights, qualities, composition, and responses of natural compounds. Carbon and hydrogen are present in most organic compounds along with some other elements, for instance, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. In this compound, carbon is the main element and other elements are supplementary. The compounds obtained from plants and animals were termed organic to indicate their source was a living organism.
Complete Structural Formula
The full/complete structural formula shows all the atoms in a molecule, the types of bonds that bind them and how are they interconnected. The two-electron covalent link may be simply represented in Lewis structures with a single dash. Such a structural formula emphasizes the electrons involved in the creation of the bonds. For example, a single dash denotes a single bond, a double dash denotes a double bond, and a triple dash denotes a triple bond. On heteroatoms like oxygen, halogens, and others, lone pairs of electrons may or may not be visible.
Condensed Structural Formula
The condensed structural formula is used to save space, and effortlessly reduced and used as condensed structural formulas. It is the shortened version of full structural formulas that are created by removing part or all of the dashes that stand in for covalent bonds. Similar repeated units are enclosed in parenthesis and their repetition is denoted by subscripts. For instance, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 can be further compressed to CH3(CH2)4CH3. In condensed structural equations, parenthesis plays a crucial function. By enclosing the repetitive structural unit in brackets and adding an integer as a subscript to represent the number of repetitions, we may further compress these structural formulas.
Bond Line Structural Formula
A bond-line structure is a more organized drawing than a condensed structural formula. However, to understand the simplified bond-line structure, one has to add many features to comprehend the overall structure. Carbon and hydrogen atoms are not displayed in a bond line structural depiction, and the lines denoting carbon-carbon bonds are drawn in a zigzag pattern. In the bond line format, only heteroatoms are written. Unless a functional group specifies otherwise, the terminals in bond-line structures represent methyl (CH3) groups, and the line junctions represent carbon atoms bound to the precise amount of hydrogen molecules needed to meet the carbon atoms’ valency requirements.
Classification of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are classified into two types based on the structure of the carbon chain, i.e. Open chain compounds and cyclic or closed-chained compounds. To put it another way, the classification is done on the basis of the arrangement of carbon atoms in their structure.
Open Chain Compounds
These are compounds with a linear structure, rather than a cyclic one. An open-chain compound having no side chain is called a straight chain compound and an open-chain compound in which a side chain is present is called a branched chain compound. All the branched chain and open chain compounds that contain no rings in them are aliphatic.
Closed Chain Compounds
These are compounds in which one or more series of atoms in the compound are connected to form a ring. They are further subdivided into two types i.e. Homocyclic compounds and Heterocyclic compounds. Homocyclic compounds are compounds in which atoms are of the same chemical elements. Heterocyclic compounds are compounds containing atoms of at least two different elements. Homocyclic compounds are further categorized into two groups i.e. Alicyclic compounds and Aromatic compounds. The alicyclic compound contains one or more carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not persist in any aromatic character. An aromatic compound is any of a large class of unsaturated chemical compounds characterized by one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent bonds of two different kinds.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
The nomenclature of Organic compounds follows the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in naming organic compounds, carbocations, etc. IUPAC formulate rules and methods for naming organic compounds based on their structural formula. Chemical nomenclature is based primarily on naming a presumed geometrical arrangement of atoms. The approach of IUPAC is to present rules for derivate names for compounds systematically. All derivations, either multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes according to a specific set of priorities.
The choice and naming of a parent structure come first in the process of creating a systematic name for an organic molecule. Prefixes, infixes, and, in the case of a parent hydride, suffixes that express precisely the structural modifications necessary to produce the compound in question from the parent structure may then be added to this basic name. There are traditional names that are popularly used in both business and academia, as opposed to such systematic names. Acetic acid, benzene, and pyridine are a few examples. Therefore, these traditional names are kept when they satisfy the standards of utility and when they conform to the overall pattern of systematic naming.
Organic Chemical Reaction Mechanism
There are quite a few common electron displacement effects in substrate molecules: it is a long-lasting effect that develops whenever an electron-withdrawing group or an electron-giving group is joined to a chain of singly linked carbon atoms. The inductive effect, also known as the I effect, is the displacement of sigma-electrons along a saturated carbon chain as a result of the presence of an electron-withdrawing group or an electron-repelling group at one end of the chain, which leads to the development of partial positive or partial negative charges in decreasing order of magnitude.
The Shapes of Carbon Compounds
Tetravalent carbon atom is the building block of structural organic chemistry. Tetravalent means it can form four bonds and its valency is four. Carbon follows the octet rule and forms four bonds with other elements or other carbon atoms. This is referred to as carbon tetravalency. The four hydrogen atoms, with four carbon atoms, form a structure known as a tetrahedron.
Functional Groups
A functional group is a group of atoms or bonds within a substance that is responsible for the substance’s distinctive chemical reactions. These groups were introduced as a useful method for maintaining these numerous compounds because chemical reactions occur in the functional group and compounds with the same functional group undergo similar reactions.
Homologous series
In this series, a group of carbon compounds are represented by general formula (e.g. alkanes – CnH2n+2) and have similar chemical properties. Every succeeding member differs from the previous one in this series.
Importance of Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry plays an important role in our everyday life, and its importance in the present scenario has increased immensely compared to its inception. The study of organic chemistry is required by chemists and pharmacists for the synthesis of medicines. The food, paper, clothing, soap, perfumes, and medicines used on a daily basis are all organic compounds. The field of organic compounds has helped mankind in numerous ways, such as the synthesis of several drugs, polymers, and other natural products. Synthetic organic chemistry is one of the important applications of organic chemistry that deals with the study of the design and construction of organic compounds for practical implementation. It is also essential for understanding basic biochemical principles.
Medicines
Organic chemistry is essential in discovering new drug-candidate molecules for the treatment of innumerous amount of diseases. For example – Aspirin is used as a medication to cure migraine and Ibuprofen is a pain reliever, both are natural mixtures.
Food
The role of organic chemistry in enhancing the flavour of food and developing the taste. It has an important role as people tend to go for tastier meals. Organic preservative work by draining out the liquid from the food substance and increasing the shelf life. For example – Starch which is sugar is a natural compound and a constituent of rice and different grains.
Clothing
In the textile industry, organic chemistry is also much used. The most expensive fibre is produced from silk caterpillar and Nylon, Polyester, and Cotton used in the fabric of the cloth are types of natural compounds.
Fuels
The fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas consist primarily of hydrocarbons and are important in everyday life. For example – Gasoline, Petrol, and Diesel are natural mixtures utilized in the car business on a large scale.
FAQs on Organic Chemistry
Question 1: What is meant by organic compounds?
Answer:
Organic compounds are one of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more carbon atoms are covalently paired with other elements, other carbon atoms or other common atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. Organic compounds example are benzoic acid, aromatic compounds, benzoic aldehyde, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, malonic acid, amines, diethyl malonate, etc.
Question 2: What are the uses of organic compounds?
Answer:
Organic molecules are utilized in various aspects in human culture including food, drugs, fills, etc. These compounds are necessary for meeting our basic needs of clothing (fabric like nylon, cotton, silk, etc), health (Many medicines are manufactured based on the principles of organic chemistry), Propane, octane, and methane are various form of alkanes and is used as fuel in the vehicle and warming/cooking oil in the home.
Question 3: Name some organic compounds that are used in medicine.
Answer:
Compounds used as medicinal products are mostly organic compounds. For example- Paracetamol is list of organic chemicals, it is used as analgesic drug. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid is an analgesic-antipyretic drug. Antalgin or Methampyron is also part of analgesic-antipyretic drugs used for reducing pain. Sulfadiazine is an anti-bacterial drug used for the treatment of rheumatic fever.
Question 4: Why are organic compounds essential?
Answer:
Organic compound are fundamental as they are present in every living entity. In every living organism carbon is present. These compounds are essential parts that move the world in considerable amount of cycle. For example, the carbon cycle that includes the exchange of carbon atoms between plants and animals during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Question 5: Which elements are present in organic compounds?
Answer:
There are four major elements i.e. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen which are used to form most of the organic compounds. In this compounds carbon is covalently linked to other elements or carbon itself forming a stable structure. Apart from this phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and the halogens is also used to form organic compound with carbon.
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus is a vast which needs a clear understanding of the concepts and topics. Knowing CBSE Class 11 Chemistry syllabus helps students to understand the course structure of Chemistry.
Unit-wise CBSE Class 11 Syllabus for Chemistry
Below is a list of detailed information on each unit for Class 11 Students.
UNIT I – Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General Introduction: Importance and scope of Chemistry.
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
UNIT II – Structure of Atom
Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson’s model and its limitations. Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT III – Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.
UNIT IV – Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules(qualitative idea only), Hydrogen bond.
UNIT V – Chemical Thermodynamics
Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics (brief introduction) Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb’s energy change for spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes. Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).
UNIT VI – Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly basic acids, acid strength, concept of pH, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solution, Henderson Equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
UNIT VII – Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, applications of redox reactions.
UNIT VIII – Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
UNIT IX – Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions. Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
To know the CBSE Syllabus for all the classes from 1 to 12, visit the Syllabus page of CBSE. Meanwhile, to get the Practical Syllabus of Class 11 Chemistry, read on to find out more about the syllabus and related information in this page.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Practical Syllabus with Marking Scheme
In Chemistry subject, practical also plays a vital role in improving their academic scores in the subject. The overall weightage of Chemistry practical mentioned in the CBSE Class 11 Chemistry syllabus is 30 marks. So, students must try their best to score well in practicals along with theory. It will help in increasing their overall academic score.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Practical Syllabus
The experiments will be conducted under the supervision of subject teacher. CBSE Chemistry Practicals is for 30 marks. This contribute to the overall practical marks for the subject.
The table below consists of evaluation scheme of practical exams.
Evaluation Scheme
Marks
Volumetric Analysis
08
Salt Analysis
08
Content Based Experiment
06
Project Work
04
Class record and viva
04
Total
30
CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Chemistry Practical
Micro-chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible such techniques should be used.
A. Basic Laboratory Techniques 1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod 2. Bending a glass tube 3. Drawing out a glass jet 4. Boring a cork
B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances 1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound. 2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound. 3. Crystallization of impure sample of any one of the following: Alum, Copper Sulphate, Benzoic Acid.
C. Experiments based on pH
1. Any one of the following experiments:
Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solution of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same concentration.
Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base using universal indicator.
2. Study the pH change by common-ion in case of weak acids and weak bases.
D. Chemical Equilibrium One of the following experiments:
1. Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing/decreasing the concentration of either of the ions. 2. Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6] 2+ and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions.
E. Quantitative Estimation i. Using a mechanical balance/electronic balance. ii. Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid. iii. Determination of strength of a given solution of Sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of Oxalic acid. iv. Preparation of standard solution of Sodium carbonate. v. Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard Sodium Carbonatesolution.
F. Qualitative Analysis 1) Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt Cations‐ Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+ Anions – (CO3)2‐ , S2‐, NO2‐ , SO32‐, SO2‐ , NO ‐ , Cl‐ , Br‐, I‐, PO43‐ , C2O2‐ ,CH3COO‐ (Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
2) Detection of ‐ Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine in organic compounds.
G) PROJECTS Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested projects are as follows:
Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion
Study of the methods of purification of water.
Testing the hardness, presence of Iron, Fluoride, Chloride, etc., depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and study of causes of presence of these ions above permissible limit (if any).
Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of Sodium carbonate on it.
Study the acidity of different samples of tea leaves.
Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids Study the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibres.
Study of acidity of fruit and vegetable juices.
Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with theapproval of the teacher.
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Class 11
Below is a list of practicals for the visually impaired students.
A. List of apparatus for identification for assessment in practicals (All experiments) Beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, Bunsen burner, test tube, test tube stand, dropper, test tube holder, ignition tube, china dish, tongs, standard flask, pipette, burette, conical flask, clamp stand, dropper, wash bottle • Odour detection in qualitative analysis • Procedure/Setup of the apparatus
B. List of Experiments A. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substances 1. Crystallization of an impure sample of any one of the following: copper sulphate, benzoic acid B. Experiments based on pH 1. Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper 2. Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acids of same concentration.
C. Chemical Equilibrium 1. Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing/decreasing the concentration of eitherions. 2. Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions.
D. Quantitative estimation 1. Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid. 2. Determination of molarity of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of oxalic acid.
E. Qualitative Analysis 1. Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt 2. Cations – NH+4 Anions – (CO3)2-, S2-, (SO3)2-, Cl-, CH3COO- (Note: insoluble salts excluded) 3. Detection of Nitrogen in the given organic compound. 4. Detection of Halogen in the given organic compound.
Note: The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations.
We hope students must have found this information on CBSE Syllabus useful for their studying Chemistry. Learn Maths & Science in interactive and fun loving ways with ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App/Tablet.
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus
Q1
How many units are in the CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus?
There are 9 units in the CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus. Students can access various study materials for the chapters mentioned in this article for free at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).
Q2
What is the total marks for practicals examination as per the CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus?
The total marks for the practicals as per the CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Syllabus is 30. It includes volumetric analysis, content-based experiment, salt analysis, class record, project work and viva.
Q3
Which chapter carries more weightage as per the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Chemistry?
The organic chemistry chapter carries more weightage as per the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Chemistry.
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