A living being or system is made up of different complex biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, lipids, etc. Carbohydrates and proteins are essential and important constituents of our food. These molecules interact with each other to formulate the molecular logic of life processes. Additionally, simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts also play an extremely important role in the functions of organisms.
Table of Contents
What are Vitamins ?
Vitamins are basically the accessory food factors that are required in our diet. These vitamins are certain organic compounds that are required in small amounts but their absence or deficiency can lead to specific diseases. Most of the vitamins that are required are not synthesized in our bodies. Plants can synthesize almost all the vitamins, hence the term essential food factors. Nevertheless, there are some bacteria in the gut that can produce some required vitamins.
The term vitamin was previously taken from ‘Vitamine’. This was derived from the combination of vital + amine due to the early identification of amino groups in compounds. However, over time, it was observed that most of the compounds did not have amino groups, and hence the letter ‘e’ was dropped and the term ‘vitamin’ came to into usage.
All required vitamins are generally available in our diet. Distinct vitamins belong to various different chemical classes. Thus, it is tough to define all vitamins on the basis of their structure. We generally regard them as organic compounds essential to be present in the diet to perform specific biological functions. These functions are important for the normal maintenance and optimal growth and health of an individual organism.
Vitamins are categorized by alphabets A, B, C, D, E, etc. Some of these are further named into sub-groups, for example, Vitamin B1, B2, B6, etc.
Classification of Vitamins
Vitamins can be classified into two groups. This classification is on the basis of the vitamins solubility in water or fat.
These are the vitamins that are soluble in fat and oils but are completely insoluble in water. Examples of these vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E, and K. These are stored in the liver and fat-storing adipose tissues.
These are the vitamins that are soluble in water but are insoluble in oils and fat. B group vitamins and Vitamin C are soluble in water. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet as they get excreted through urine. Except for Vitamin B12, water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in our bodies.
Note: Vitamin H or biotin is neither soluble in water nor in fat.
Important Vitamins, their Sources, and their Deficiency Diseases
Sr. No.
Name of the Vitamin
Sources
Deficiency Diseases
Solubility
1
Vitamin A
Milk, fish liver oil, carrots, and butter
Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia (hardening of the cornea of the eye)
Fat
2
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Green vegetables, yeast, milk, and cereals
Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth)
Water
3
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Milk, egg-whites, liver, kidney
Digestive disorders, burning sensation of skin and Cheilosis (they are the fissuring at the corners of the mouth and lips)
Water
4
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Milk products, fish, meat, eggs, cereals, mushroom, guava, etc.
Pellagra, diarrhoea
Water
5
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals, and grams
Convulsions
Water
6
Vitamin B12
Meat, fish, egg, and curd
Pernicious anemia (RBC deficient in hemoglobin)
Water
7
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, and amla
Scurvy (bleeding gums)
Water
8
Vitamin D
Exposure to sunlight, egg yolk, and fish
Osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults) and Rickets (bone deformities in children)
Fat
9
Vitamin E
Vegetable oils like sunflower oil, wheat germ oil, etc.
Muscular weakness and Increased fragility of RBCs
Fat
10
Vitamin K
Green leafy vegetables
Increased blood clotting time
Fat
Sample Problems(FAQs)
Question 1: What are vitamins? Give examples.
Answer:
Vitamins are basically the accessory food factors that are required in our diet. These vitamins are certain organic compounds that are required in small amounts but their absence or deficiency can lead to specific diseases. For example, Vitamin A, C, D, E, etc.
Question 2: How are vitamins classified?
Answer:
Vitamins are classified on the basis of their solubility in water or fat.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but are completely insoluble in water. Examples of these vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E and K. These are stored in the liver and fat-storing adipose tissues.
Water-Soluble Vitamins are soluble in water but are insoluble in oils and fat. B group vitamins and Vitamin C are soluble in water. These vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet as they get excreted through urine. Except for Vitamin B12, water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in our bodies.
Question 3: Note down all the deficiency diseases caused by the B group vitamins.
Answer:
Name of the vitamin
Deficiency Diseases
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarded growth)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Digestive disorders, burning sensation of skin and Cheilosis (they are the fissuring at the corners of the mouth and lips)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra, diarrhoea
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Convulsions
Vitamin B12
Pernicious anaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin)
Question 4: Which Vitamin is not soluble in water or oil?
Answer:
Vitamin H or biotin is neither soluble in water nor in fat.
Question 5: Which vitamin is responsible for the coagulation of blood? Mention its sources.
Answer:
The vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood is Vitamin K. It can be found in green leafy vegetables.
Question 6: The deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness. What must be included in the diet to avoid it?
Answer:
Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness. Milk, fish liver oil, carrots and butter should be included in the diet to avoid it.
Question 7: Which vitamin do you get by exposure to sunlight? Note down the deficiency diseases of this vitamin.
Answer:
You get Vitamin D by exposure to sunlight. The deficiency diseases of this vitamin are Osteomalacia (soft bones and joint pain in adults) and Rickets (bone deformities in children).
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.
S.No
Title
No. of Periods
Marks
1
Solutions
10
7
2
Electrochemistry
12
9
3
Chemical Kinetics
10
7
4
d -and f -Block Elements
12
7
5
Coordination Compounds
12
7
6
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
10
6
7
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
10
6
8
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
10
8
9
Amines
10
6
10
Biomolecules
12
7
Total
70
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme
The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.
Evaluation Scheme for Examination
Marks
Volumetric Analysis
08
Salt Analysis
08
Content-Based Experiment
06
Project Work and Viva
04
Class record and Viva
04
Total
30
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)
Unit -1: Solutions
Raoult's law.
Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
Van't Hoff factor.
Unit -2: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
Kohlrausch's Law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
Lead accumulator
Fuel cells
Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Activation energy
Arrhenius equation
Unit -4: d and f Block Elements
Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Unit -5: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
Bonding
Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism
Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Unit -9: Amines
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Unit -10: Biomolecules
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry:
Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.
Chapters in Physical Chemistry:
Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.
Chapters in Organic Chemistry:
Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.
In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.
Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
Q1
How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?
There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).
Q2
What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?
The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.
Q3
Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?
The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.
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