The study of the relationship between motion, force and energy is known as mechanics. It is subdivided into three branches, i.e., kinematics, dynamics and statics.
Kinematics deals with the study of the motion of objects without taking into account the forces and energies that may be involved. The first thing we need to understand is that there is no absolute rest or absolute motion. Rest and motion are relative terms.
In simple terms, an object that changes its position is said to be in motion, while the opposite action causes an object to be at rest. However, perspective plays a huge role in it. Take the example of an atom which is always in motion, but when we see an object in the macro world, it seems to be at rest. Therefore, both rest and motion depend mainly on the frame of reference of the one who is observing the scene.
Rest and Motion Definitions
Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings with time.
Motion: An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with respect to its surroundings and time.
Frame of Reference
Suppose an object is placed on a table; it can be said that the object is at rest. If a person is standing on the moon, he will observe that the earth is changing its position continuously, and so are the table and the object. Thus, to locate the position of anything, one needs to define a frame of reference. For instance, if we take the earth as a reference, then the object is at rest, but if the moon is taken as a reference, the object is in motion. A frame of reference can be inertial or non-inertial, depending on whether it is at rest or constantly moving.
Rest and Motion Related Terms
Speed
The distance covered by a moving body in a unit time interval is called its speed. It can be either uniform or non-uniform. Its units are metres per second (m/s)
Speed = [Distance Travelled]/[Time Taken]
Speed is generally shown in a position-time graph.
Uniform motion: When a body covers an equal distance in an equal interval of time.
Non-Uniform Motion: The body covers an unequal distance in an equal interval of time.
Displacement
It is defined as the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position.
Velocity
Change in the displacement of the body with respect to time is called its velocity. It is a vector quantity, i.e., it has both magnitude and direction.
Velocity = Displacement/Time
Uniform velocity: Magnitude and direction remain the same with respect to time.
Non-uniform velocity: When the body covers unequal displacement in an equal interval of time in a particular direction or if the direction changes, it is said to be moving at non-uniform velocity.
Average velocity = Time displacement/Total time taken.
Acceleration and Deceleration
A body is said to be in acceleration if it gradually increases its velocity with respect to time.
Average acceleration = [Change in Velocity]/[Time taken] = Δy/Δt
Instantaneous acceleration =
\(\begin{array}{l}a =\lim_{\Delta t \rightarrow 0}\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}\end{array} \)
Centripetal Acceleration
When a body moves along a circular path of radius R with constant speed (v), the velocity of the body keeps changing since the direction of the motion keeps changing. This change in velocity causes the body to experience an acceleration which is directed towards the centre of the circular path. This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration.
Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion
If a body starts its motion, along a straight line, with initial velocity ‘u’ and attains final velocity ‘v’ in the time interval ‘t’, the assumption used in all the equations is that the body covers distance ‘s’ at constant acceleration.
These equations are as follows:
V = u + at
S = ut + (1/2) at2
V2 = u2 + 2as
Important points:
Acceleration and deceleration are vector quantities with SI unit m/s2.
A body is said to be decelerating if its velocity decreases with time.
If acceleration does not change with time, it is said to be constant acceleration.
Replace ‘a’ with acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ for a freely falling body. Similarly, if the body is thrown vertically upwards, replace ‘a’ with ‘-g’.
The slope of the displacement-time graph gives velocity, and the slope of the velocity-time graph gives acceleration.
Types of Motion
Projectile Motion
The motion of a body when it is thrown or projected with some initial velocity in a plane is known as projectile motion.
Examples:
The motion of a golf ball.
The motion of a rocket after burn-out
The motion of a bomb dropped from an aeroplane, etc.
Projectile motion is of two types:
Horizontal projection
Angular projection
Horizontal Projection
When a body is projected along the horizontal direction with an initial velocity of ‘u’, the projection is known as horizontal projection. It is assumed that there is negligible air resistance.
When a body is thrown or projected at an angle with the horizontal direction, it is known as angular projection. It is assumed that air resistance is zero. The following equation of motion can be derived by examining the motion in the horizontal and vertical directions.
Equation of trajectory,
Y = x tan – ½ g [ x / u cos θ ] 2
Time of flight, T = (2u sin θ)/g
Maximum height, H = [u2 sin2 θ]/[2g]
Range, R = [u2 sin2θ]/g
Circular Motion
The motion of an object along a circular path is called circular motion.
Important Points to Remember
When a body moves along a circular path at a constant speed, the motion of the body is known as uniform circular motion.
The direction of velocity at any point in a circular motion is given by the tangent to the circle at that point.
In a uniform circular motion, both the velocity and acceleration change due to continuous changes in direction.
When the speed of the body keeps changing while moving along the circular path, the motion is called a non-uniform circular motion.
The magnitude of centripetal acceleration, ac = y2 / R
Frequently Asked Questions on Rest and Motion
Q1
Are rest and motion relative terms?
While sitting inside a moving car, you will notice that you appear to be moving while gazing outside. And while looking up at the car’s roof, you will feel that you are at rest. Therefore, rest and motion are relative words.
Q2
What is meant by translatory motion?
When an object, such as a car, moves in a straight line and each of its points travels the same distance in the same amount of time, it is said to be in translatory motion.
Q3
Explain rotatory motion with an example.
Rotatory motion occurs when a body moves around a fixed axis without changing the radius of its motion. A spinning wheel is an example.
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below we have provided the details of the CBSE Physics topics under each unit as per the revised CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus for the 2023-24 academic year. Go through it to get the details of the chapters given below.
Unit-I: Physical World and Measurement
Chapter 2: Units and Measurements
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
Unit-II: Kinematics
Chapter 3: Motion in a Straight Line
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line, Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion, uniform and nonuniform motion, and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs. Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Chapter 4: Motion in a Plane
Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar and Vector product of vectors.
Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
Unit-III: Laws of Motion
Chapter 5: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion (recapitulation only). Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).
Unit-IV: Work, Energy and Power
Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Unit-V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Chapter 7: System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of angular momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation).
Unit-VI: Gravitation
Chapter 8: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape speed, orbital velocity of a satellite.
Unit-VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Solids
Elasticity, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity (qualitative idea only), Poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.
Chapter 10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Chapter 11: Thermal Properties of Matter
Heat, temperature,( recapitulation only) thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv – calorimetry; change of state – latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation (recapitulation only), thermal conductivity, qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein’s displacement Law, Stefan’s law.
Unit-VIII: Thermodynamics
Chapter 12: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics), heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics: gaseous state of matter, change of condition of gaseous state -isothermal, adiabatic, reversible, irreversible, and cyclic processes.
Unit-IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases
Chapter 13: Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Unit-X: Oscillations and Waves
Chapter 14: Oscillations
Periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions and their application.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equations of motion; phase; oscillations of a loaded spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period.
Chapter 15: Waves
Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats.
Students can also access the syllabus for other subjects by visiting Syllabus page of CBSE Class 11.
CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics Practical
Below are the list of the experiments of Physics practicals.
Evaluation Scheme for Class 11 Physics Practical 2023-24
Topic
Marks
Two experiments, one from each section
7 + 7
Practical record (experiment and activities)
5
One activity from any section
3
Investigatory Project
3
Viva on experiments, activities and project
5
Total
30
CBSE Class 11 Physics Practical Syllabus
Section – A
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Experiments
1. To measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body and to measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence find its volume. 2. To measure the diameter of a given wire and thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge. 3. To determine the volume of an irregular lamina using the screw gauge. 4. To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer. 5. To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance. 6. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors. 7. Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of second’s pendulum. 8. To study variation of time period of a simple pendulum of a given length by taking bobs of same size but different masses and interpret the result. 9. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the co- efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface. 10. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination θ by plotting graph between force and sin θ.
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Activities
1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2cm, 0.5 cm. 2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments. 3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars. 4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane. 5. To study the variation in range of a projectile with angle of projection. 6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on an inclined plane (using a double inclined plane). 7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.
Section – B
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Experiments
1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire. 2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension. 3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V. 4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method. 5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body. 6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve. 7. To determine specific heat capacity of a given solid by method of mixtures. 8. To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using sonometer. 9. To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency using sonometer. 10. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Activities
1. To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax. 2. To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip. 3. To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations. 4. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise. 5. To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid. 6. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded at (i) its end (ii) in the middle. 7. To observe the decrease in pressure with increase in velocity of a fluid.
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Class 11 Evaluation Scheme
Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 30
Topic
Marks
Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus
5
Written test (based on given/prescribed practicals)
10
Practical Record
5
Viva
10
Total
30
A. Items for Identification/Familiarity of the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments).
Spherical ball, Cylindrical objects, vernier calipers, beaker, calorimeter, Screw gauge, wire, Beam balance, spring balance, weight box, gram and milligram weights, forcep, Parallelogram law of vectors apparatus, pulleys and pans used in the same ‘weights’ used, Bob and string used in a simple pendulum, meter scale, split cork, suspension arrangement, stop clock/stop watch, Helical spring, suspension arrangement used, weights, arrangement used for measuring extension, Sonometer, Wedges, pan and pulley used in it, ‘weights’ Tuning Fork, Meter scale, Beam balance, Weight box, gram and milligram weights, forceps, Resonance Tube, Tuning Fork, Meter scale, Flask/Beaker used for adding water.
B. List of Practicals
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using vernier calipers. 2. To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using vernier calipers and hence find its volume. 3. To measure diameter of given wire using screw gauge. 4. To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge. 5. To determine the mass of a given object using a beam balance. 6. To find the weight of given body using the parallelogram law of vectors. 7. Using a simple pendulum plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length of second’s pendulum using appropriate length values. 8. To find the force constant of given helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension. 9. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using a sonometer. (ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension, for constant frequency, using a sonometer. 10. To find the speed of sound in air, at room temperature, using a resonance tube, by observing the two resonance positions.
Note: The above practicals of CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations.
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Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus
Q1
According to the CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus, which are the units of high marks weightage?
According to the CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus, physical world and measurement, kinematics and laws of motion are the units of high-mark weightage.
Q2
How is the practical syllabus of the CBSE Class 11 Physics divided into sections A and B?
The practical syllabus of the CBSE Class 11 Physics contains 10 experiments in section A and 10 experiments in section B with 7 physical activities mentioned for each.
Q3
Which are the basic concepts present in the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics?
The basic concepts present in the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics are Thermodynamics, Laws of Motion, Oscillations and Waves.
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