Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones, FAQs

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Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Carbonyl molecules are found naturally in plants and animals’ nucleic acid carbs and proteins. They serve a crucial part in metabolic processes that keep life going. They bring scent and flavour to nature and are also found in a variety of medications and textiles. Almonds (benzaldehyde), cinnamon (cinnamaldehyde), vanilla bean (vanillin), camphor (from camphor tree), citronella oil (citronellal), vitamin k, and many other natural ingredients including essential carbonyl compounds.

Carbon atoms are connected to oxygen by a double bond in a carbonyl group, while the remaining two valencies are satisfied by hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. Carbonyl carbon is connected to a hydrogen atom and an allied group in aldehydes, but to two distinct alkyl groups in ketones. Carbonyl carbon is linked to two hydrogen atoms in formaldehyde. The difference in the structure influences the characteristics, such as how aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition processes and how quickly aldehydes oxidize. The carbonyl carbon atom is connected to an alkyl group and a (-OH) group in carboxylic acids. The carbonyl group is found in the chemical substances listed below. 

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Structure of Carbony Group

The carbon of the carbonyl group is sp2 hybridised and bound to three additional atoms in aldehydes and ketones. Carbon atoms create three sigma (σ) bonds with bond angles of 120° that are all in the same plane. One sigma bond is established with an oxygen atom, and the other two with hydrogen and/or carbon atoms. To produce the pi (π) bond, the remaining unhybridised 2p orbital carbon coincides with the 2p orbital of oxygen. As a result, carbon and oxygen are connected by a double bond. Two lone pairs of electrons are carried by the oxygen atom. 

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

The carbonyl bond is more powerful. In comparison to the double bond in alkenes, this bond is shorter and more polarised. Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the carbonyl group’s double bond is polar and has a dipole moment. Polarization adds to aldehyde and ketone reactivity. 

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Mechanism

Oxygen has a greater electronegativity than carbon, because of that, the C = O bond in aldehydes and ketones is polarised.

Electrons are highly attracted to oxygen. The oxygen atom receives a partial negative charge (δ–), whereas the carbon atom receives a partial positive charge (δ+).

This high polarity of carbonyl group is explained on the basis of resonance involving a neutral [Fig 1] and Dipolar [Fig 2] structures.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Nucleophilic addition reactions occur between aldehydes and ketones. A nucleophile, Nu–, approaches the plane of the carbonyl group from an angle of about 75° degrees along the C = O bond and attaches to an electrophilic carbonyl carbon atom. The hybridised state of the carbonyl carbon atom shifts from sp2 to sp3 during this process. The electron pair in the C=O bond changes to carbonyl oxygen, resulting in the formation of a tetrahedral alkoxide ion intermediate. To produce the final product, this tetrahedral intermediate is protonated. As a result, the net result of the addition of Nu– and H+ across the C = O bond is [refer to below image]

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Mechanism of nucleophilic addition reaction

Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition processes for both steric and electrical reasons. Because aldehyde has just one bulky substituent, a nucleophile can reach the carbonyl carbon more easily than ketones, which have two bulky substituents. The carbonyl carbon in aldehyde is more electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon in ketones. This is due to the +I effect of two bulky substituents in ketones reducing the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon.

The result of aldehyde attack is less inhibited than the product of ketone attack, especially with a bulky mucleophile (sterric effects). Aromatic aldehydes are less reactive in nucleophilic addition processes than aliphatic aldehydes. This is due to the aromatic ring’s electron-donating resonance effect, which renders carbonyl carbon less electrophilic.

Addition of Cyanide

Aldehydes and ketones add hydrogen cyanide to give corresponding cyanohydrins. The reaction is reversible and occurs slowly when pure hydrogen cyanide is used  but rapidly when a small amount of base is used to generate the nucleophile CN–

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

The mechanism of addition of nucleophile CN– is given below,

Step 1: A strong nucleophile adds to the carbonyl group (>C = O) to form an intermediate alkoxide.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Step 2: The alkoxide ion formed is protonated by a weak acid to give the addition product. 

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

[Note: The cyanohydrin formation is reversible. The order of reactivity is Formaldehyde > other aldehydes > Ketones]

For Examples:

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Acetaldehyde reacts with Hydrogen cyanide to give acetal cyanohydrin

Addition of sodium bisulphate

Aldehydes and ketones when treated with saturated aqueous solution of sodium bisulphate give addition products

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

They are water soluble crystalline solids that are hydroxy sulphonic acid salts. By treating them with weak mineral acids or alkali, they may be readily hydrolyzed back to aldehydes and ketones. As a result, this process is used to separate and purify aldehydes or ketones from other organic molecules. 

Addition Of Grignard Reagent

An aldehyde or a ketone undergoes nucleophilic addition of grignard reagent in presence of dry ether to form a complex which on acid hydrolysis gives alcohol

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Methanal reacts with methyl magnesium iodide in presence of dry ether to give complex which on acid hydrolysis gives ethanol.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Note: Methanal produces primary alcohols containing one more carbon than in grignard reagant.

Addition of alcohols

Aldehydes and Ketones react with alcohols to form branched acetal and cyclic acetal.

Branched acetal : Two molecules of alcohol are added to carbonyl group to form acetal by elimination of one water molecule

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Step 1: Acid catalysed addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group n presence of dry hydrogen chloride, to form hemiacetal.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Step 2: In the second half of the mechanism the hemiacetal gets converted to more stable acetal

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Cyclic acetal

Acetal is a geminal dialkoxy compound (an ether). Aldehydes and Ketones react with one equivalent of 1,2 or 1,3 -diols in presence of dry hydrogen chloride to give cyclic acetal.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Acetal and Ketals are rapidly hydrolysed back into aldehydes and Ketones, by the action of dilute mineral acids even at room temperature.

Addition of ammonia and its derivative

Urotropine is formed when formaldehyde interacts with an excess of ammonia to form hexamethylene tetramine. Urotropine is used as an antiseptic for the urinary tract, as well as to treat rheumatism and gout. It is also utilised in the manufacture of polymers and pharmaceuticals. When nitrated, it produces cyclonite, a powerful explosive.

6HCNO  +  4NH3    ⟶    (CH2​)6​N4​  +  6H2​O

Hexamethylene tetramine has a cage-like structure composed of three six-membered rings, each in chair conformation. 

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Structure of hexamethylene tetramine

Acetaldehyde dissolved in ether reacts with ammonia gas to form solid acetaldehyde ammonía. It loses a water molecule to give an imine which further trimerises to give a heterocyclic compound.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

When acetone is boiled with ammonia in slightly acidic medium for long time, diacetone amine is formed. The reactions take place in two steps as follows.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Several ammonia derivatives of the H2N-Z type react with aldehydes or ketones to form an addition product that loses a water molecule to form imines. The process is reversible and catalysed by acid. Carbonyl oxygen is protonated, making carbonyl carbon more vulnerable to attack by the nucleophile H2NZ. However, in sufficiently acidic media, the nitrogen atom of the ammonia derivative H2NZ gets protonated, resulting in the ion H I N+-Z, which is no longer a nucleophile. As a result, the process is aided by low acidity.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Here Z is -R, -Ar, -OH, -NH2, -NHC6H5 etc. The C = O group is transformed into the C = N – Z group. The majority of imines can be hydrolyzed back to aldehydes, ketones, and amines. A Schiff base is a substituted imine. Because these imine derivatives are frequently solids with high melting temperatures, they are employed for the characterization and identification of aldehydes and ketones.

Note: Carboxylic acid has a carbonyl group but does not undergo nucleophilic addition as do aldehyde and ketone. The partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon atom is lowered as a result of resonance.

Sample Questions(FAQs)

Question 1: What are aldehyde and ketones? How are ketones classified?

Answer: 

Aldehydes are the carbonyl compounds, in which carbonyl group is attached with at-least one -H atom. 

Ketones are the first oxidation products of secondary alcohols. They contain > C = O functional group.

Classification of Ketones

  • Simple ketone (similar alkyl groups)
  • Mixed ketone (different alkyl groups)

Question 2: Explain aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic reaction and carboxylic acid doesn’t?

Answer:

In carbonyl group (C=O)), oxygen being more electronegative, electrons get slightly shifted towards the oxygen atom. Due to this, the carbon-atom develops a partial positive charge (electron deficient)

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Hence the carbon atom in the carbonyl group is readily attacked by a nucleophilic addition reaction.

On the other hand, Carboxylic acid possesses a carbonyl group but, unlike aldehyde and ketone, does not undergo nucleophilic addition. As a result of resonance, the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon atom is reduced. 

Question 3: What is the action of the following reagent on formaldehyde

  • HCN
  • NaHSO3

Answer:

  • HCN

Action of HCN on formaldehyde: Fmaldehyde when reacted with hydroge cyanid gives formaldehyde cyanohydrin

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 
  • NaHSO3

Formaldehyde when reacted with sodium bisulphite gives formaldehyde sodium bisulphite.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Question 4: Why does aldehyde undergo nucleophilic addition reaction more readily than the ketones?

Answer:

The electron-releasing group (+I effect) of the alkyl radicals linked to the carbonyl carbon in ketone makes the carbonyl carbon less positive. This reduces the proclivity of carbonyl carbon to accept the nucleophile. As a result, aldehydes are more easily nucleophilic than ketones.

Question 5: How will you prepare hexamethylene tetramine using an aldehyde, also draw its structure?

Answer:

Using Formaldehyde we can prepare hexamethylene tetramine

Formaldehyde, when reacted with ammonia (NH3) in ether solution gives hexamethylene tetramine, i.e., urotropine

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Question 6: What is the action of CH3 – MgI on acetaldehyde, give reaction?

Answer:

Acetaldehyde when reacted with CH3 – MgI in the presence of dry ether, gives Mg – complex, which on hydrolysis with dil. acid gives iso – propyl alcohol

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Question 7: Write the structure of carbonyl compound and ammonium derivatives that combine to give the following imine.

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Answer:

Carbonyl compound is,

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Ammonium derivative is,

Aldehydes and ketones are chemical molecules with a carbonyl group (>C= O). As a result, they are referred to as carbonyl compounds. Because the carbonyl group is common in aldehydes and ketones, their methods of synthesis and characteristics are quite similar. 

Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations. In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS". He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.

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CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus Download PDF

Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.

S.NoTitleNo. of PeriodsMarks
1Solutions107
2Electrochemistry129
3Chemical Kinetics107
4d -and f -Block Elements127
5Coordination Compounds127
6Haloalkanes and Haloarenes106
7Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers106
8Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids108
9Amines106
10Biomolecules127
Total70

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme

The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.

Evaluation Scheme for ExaminationMarks
Volumetric Analysis08
Salt Analysis08
Content-Based Experiment06
Project Work and Viva04
Class record and Viva04
Total30

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)

Unit -1: Solutions

  • Raoult's law.
  • Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
  • Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
  • Van't Hoff factor.

Unit -2: Electrochemistry

  • Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
  • Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
  • Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
  • Kohlrausch's Law
  • Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
  • Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
  • Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
  • Lead accumulator
  • Fuel cells

Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics

  • Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
  • Rate law and specific rate constant
  • Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
  • Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
  • Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
  • Order and molecularity of a reaction
  • Activation energy
  • Arrhenius equation

Unit -4: d and f Block Elements  

  • Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
  • Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
  • General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Unit -5: Coordination Compounds  

  • Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
  • The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
  • Bonding
  • Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism

Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes  

  • Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
  • Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.

Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers   

  • Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
  • Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
  • Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids   

  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Unit -9: Amines    

  • Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
  • Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Unit -10: Biomolecules     

  • Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
  • Vitamins - Classification and functions.
  • Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.

Basic Concepts of Chemistry:

  • Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
  • Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
  • States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
  • Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.

Chapters in Physical Chemistry:

  • Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
  • Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
  • Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.

Chapters in Organic Chemistry:

  • Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
  • Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
  • Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
  • Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.

In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.

Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

Q1

How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?

There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).

Q2

What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?

The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.

Q3

Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?

The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.

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