Alcohols are chemical compounds that include one or more hydroxyl groups (–OH) linked to an aliphatic carbon atom. ROH is the general formula for alcohol. Based on the attachment of hydroxyl to the carbon, alcohols are classed as aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic alcohols are those in which the hydroxyl group (–OH) is linked to the alkyl group. Methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH), and other alcohols are examples. Aromatic alcohols are alcohols that include the hydroxyl group –OH in the side chain of an aromatic hydrocarbon (benzylic alcohol). Benzyl alcohol is an example (C6H5CH2OH).
Commercial alcohol is alcohol that is utilised for commercial purposes. Methanol (methyl alcohol, CH3OH) and ethanol are the most commonly used commercial alcohols (ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH).
Some Commercially Important Alcohols
Methanol and ethanol are the most basic members of the primary alcohol family, with numerous applications in the fuel industry.
Methanol
Methanol is also known as methyl alcohol. It is also called as wood spirit or wood alcohol since it was first made via destructive distillation of wood. It has the chemical formula CH3OH.
Uses of Methanol
As a paint and varnish solvent.
As an antifreeze for car radiators.
In the production of formaldehyde, which is commonly utilised in the production of plastics.
To denaturize ethyl alcohol, that is, to render it unfit for human consumption. Methylated spirit is another name for denatured alcohol.
As a vehicle fuel
In the production of fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and varnishes.
Ethanol
Ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol. It is the most important member of the alcohol family and is simply referred to as alcohol. Because it may be made from starch grains, it is also known as grain alcohol. It has the chemical formula C2H5OH
Uses of Ethanol
As an industrial solvent for paints, lacquers, dyes, varnishes, costumes, perfumes, and other similar products.
Ethanol, with a melting point of -114.1°C, is utilised as a component in cooling baths in a number of laboratories. It’s also the active fluid in a lot of spirit thermometers.
Ethanol is the main constituent in many alcoholic beverages that are ingested orally for recreational purposes. It serves as a psychoactive drug in humans, lowering anxiety and inducing euphoria. However, it also inhibits cognitive and motor skills and serves as a depressive of the central nervous system (CNS).
In the production of ether, chloroform, iodoform, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and other chemicals.
Thermometers and spirit levels are examples of scientific instruments.
Ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol) is utilised in many hand sanitizers and medical wipes due to its antibacterial and antifungal qualities.
In automobile radiators as an antifreeze.
As biological specimen preservation.
Ethanol is commonly utilised as a gasoline additive and engine fuel. Some types of gasoline have been found to contain up to 25% ethanol. In some bipropellant rockets, this compound has also been utilised as rocket fuel. Ethanol is thought to minimise carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions when used as a fuel. Ethanol is utilised in direct-ethanol fuel cells because it is abundantly available, has minimal toxicity, and is inexpensive (or DEFCs). Commercially available fuel cells, on the other hand, typically use methanol, hydrogen, or natural gas
In hospitals, an antiseptic-like tincture of iodine (2–7 percent iodine dissolved in ethanol and water mixture) is utilised.
In the production of pharmaceuticals, flavouring extracts, fragrances, and so on.
Some analgesics and mouthwashes employ ethanol as a solvent (in concentrations ranging from 1% to 25%).
Industrial Alcohols
Ethanol is one of the most significant basic ingredients and is widely used. It is available in various purity grades for a variety of applications. Among them are:
Absolute alcohol: It is made entirely of ethanol. Carbohydrate fermentation produces ethanol, which contains some water. The fractional distillation of an aqueous ethanol solution yields a constant boiling azeotropic mixture containing 95 percent ethanol. To obtain 100 percent ethanol, a little amount of benzene is combined with an azeotropic mixture and distilled. At 351.1K, pure ethanol is distilled as the final fraction. This is converted into various percentages of ethanol, which is then utilised for a variety of purposes such as alcoholic beverages, fuel, solvents, and so on.
Alcoholic beverages: Alcohol is the primary intoxicating agent in liquors used for drinking. These are also referred to as alcoholic beverages. They are made from various ingredients and include varying concentrations of alcohol. Beverages are classified into two types: distilled and undistilled. Wine is a type of undistilled beverage made from grapes and other fruit juices. Distilled liquors have higher alcoholic content and are known by numerous grade names such as whiskey, rum, brandy, gin, and so on.
Methylated spirit or Denatured alcohol: It contains 95% ethyl alcohol. To prevent the misuse of alcohol intended for industry, it was rendered unfit for drinking by combining ethanol with a little amount of methanol, some copper sulphate to give it the colour, and pyridine to give it a bad odour. The process is known as the denaturation of alcohol, and the resulting alcohol is known as methylated spirit or denatured alcohol. It is relatively inexpensive and can be utilised for non-drinking purposes, particularly in factories. Because methylated spirit is flammable, it can be used as a fuel in lamps and stoves. Glass cleaners contain the methylated spirit.
Power alcohol: It is a blend of ethanol and gasoline (20% ethanol, 80% gasoline). Because alcohol does not combine with gasoline, a little amount of a solvent such as benzene or ether is added. Petrol is generally in short supply due to the scarcity of natural resources. Because we can produce enormous volumes of alcohol from molasses, the use of power alcohol as a substitute for gasoline has promised a bright future in India.
Harmful Effects of Drinking Alcohol
When drunk in significant amounts, ethanol depresses the central nervous system by delaying metabolic processes. This can lead to a loss of coordination, mental disorientation, and tiredness. Drunkenness is caused by the consumption of modest amounts of weak ethanol, and a person may feel comfortable after taking alcohol but loses his sense of judgement. Muscular coordination may be severely compromised as well. In addition, long-term alcohol consumption causes major health concerns.
Methanol consumption is extremely dangerous and may result in death. It is metabolised to methane in the liver and rapidly interacts with cell components, causing protoplasm coagulation. It also has an effect on the visual nerve, which can lead to blindness.
Sample Questions (FAQs)
Question 1: What are the most common applications for methanol?
Answer:
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, is a very versatile molecule that is widely utilised in manufacturing and is present in our daily life. Its ability as an energy transporter has made it more desirable as a fuel for manufacturing and for generating electricity.
Question 2: What is the difference between methanol and ethanol?
Answer:
Ethanol, commonly known as ethyl alcohol, is formed when the molecular structure of two carbon atoms breaks down. Methanol, often known as methyl alcohol, contains only one carbon atom.
Question 3: What are the two uses of ethanol?
Answer:
It’s used as a solvent, in the production of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to gasoline (a mixture known as gasohol). Ethanol is a significant industrial chemical. Ethanol is the intoxicating component in many alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and distilled spirits.
Question 4: What’s the difference between methanol and isopropyl alcohol?
Answer:
Methanol is a laboratory solvent, fuel additive, and antifreeze. As with most kinds of alcohol, it is easily absorbed via the skin. Methanol, on the other hand, is extremely hazardous and can harm the nervous system and organs. Isopropyl alcohol is a type of rubbing alcohol that is found in several hand sanitizers.
Question 5: What alcohol is best for disinfecting?
Answer:
Isopropyl alcohol kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses quickly, especially in solutions containing 60-90 percent alcohol and 10-40 percent filtered water. When alcohol concentrations fall below 50%, the disinfection gain falls precipitously.
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.
S.No
Title
No. of Periods
Marks
1
Solutions
10
7
2
Electrochemistry
12
9
3
Chemical Kinetics
10
7
4
d -and f -Block Elements
12
7
5
Coordination Compounds
12
7
6
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
10
6
7
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
10
6
8
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
10
8
9
Amines
10
6
10
Biomolecules
12
7
Total
70
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme
The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.
Evaluation Scheme for Examination
Marks
Volumetric Analysis
08
Salt Analysis
08
Content-Based Experiment
06
Project Work and Viva
04
Class record and Viva
04
Total
30
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)
Unit -1: Solutions
Raoult's law.
Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
Van't Hoff factor.
Unit -2: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
Kohlrausch's Law
Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
Lead accumulator
Fuel cells
Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
Rate law and specific rate constant
Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
Order and molecularity of a reaction
Activation energy
Arrhenius equation
Unit -4: d and f Block Elements
Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Unit -5: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
Bonding
Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism
Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.
Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
Unit -9: Amines
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Unit -10: Biomolecules
Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry:
Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.
Chapters in Physical Chemistry:
Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.
Chapters in Organic Chemistry:
Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.
In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.
Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.
Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
Q1
How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?
There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).
Q2
What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?
The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.
Q3
Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?
The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.
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