Measurement forms the fundamental principle to various other branches of science, that is, construction and engineering services. Measurement is defined as the action of associating numerical with their possible physical quantities and phenomena. Measurements find a role in everyday activities to a large extent. Therefore, it is necessary to study and explore the associated elements along with their theoretical foundations, conditions as well as limitations. It defines the units to be chosen for the measurement of various commodities. It also caters to the comparison of plausible units with the ones already existing of a similar kind.
Measurement defined the new standards as well as form transductions for the quantities which do not have any possible access for direct comparison. These physical quantities can be converted into analogous measurement signals.
Measurements may be made by unaided human senses, generally termed as estimates. It can also be estimated by the use of instruments, which may range in complexity from simple rules for measuring lengths to highly complex analogous systems to handle and design the commodities beyond the capabilities of the senses. Thus, the measurements may range from buying some quantity of milk (in L) or to the highly complex mechanisms, such as radio waves from a distant star or the nuclear bomb radiations. Therefore, we can consider that a measurement, always involves a transfer of energy or interaction between the object and the observer or observing instrument.
Measurement of Height of a person
Unit
The unit of a specified physical quantity can be considered as an arbitrarily chosen standard that can be used to estimate the quantities belonging to similar measurements. The units are well accepted and recognized by the people and well within all guidelines.
A physical quantity is measured in terms of the chosen standards of measurement.
The chosen standard is recognized as the unit of that corresponding physical quantity. A standard unit, in short, is a definite amount of a physical quantity. These standard units can be quickly reproduced to create a wide variety of units and are internationally accepted and accessible.
The measurement of any physical quantity is based on a formula, nu,
where, n = numerical value of the measure of the quantity,
u = unit of the quantity.
Standard
The actual physical embodiment of the unit of a physical quantity is termed as a standard of that physical quantity. The standard is expressed in terms of the numerical value (n) and the unit (μ).
Measurement of physical quantity = Numerical value × Unit
For example: Length of a rod = 12 m. Here 12 is its numerical segment and m (meter) is the unit.
Fundamental Units
Fundamental units are elementary in nature, that is, they can be expressed independently without any dependence on any other physical quantity. This implies that it is not possible to resolve it further in terms of any other physical quantity. It is also termed as a basic physical quantity. Fundamental quantities have their own values and units.
Fundamental Quantities
Fundamental Units
Symbol
Length
meter
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
Temperature
kelvin
k
Electric current
ampere
A
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Supplementary Fundamental Units
There are two other supplementary fundamental units, namely Radian and steradian are two supplementary which measures plane angle and solid angle respectively.
Supplementary Fundamental Quantities
Supplementary Unit
Plane angle
radian
Solid angle
steradian
Radian (rad) One radian is equivalent to an angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle. It is the unit represented for the plane angle.
θ = 1 radian
Steradian (sr) One steradian is equivalent to the solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere by its surface. Its area is equivalent to the square of the radius of the sphere.It is the unit represented for the solid angle. Solid angle in steradian,
Ω = 1 steradian
Properties of Fundamental Units
Any standard unit should have the following two properties:
Invariability The standard unit must be invariable. Thus, defining distance between the tip of the middle finger and the elbow as a unit of length is not invariable.
Availability The standard unit should be easily made available for comparing with other quantities.
The seven fundamental units of S.I. have been defined as under.
Meter (m) Defined as 1650763.73 times the wavelength, in vacuum of the orange light emitted in transition from 2p10 to 5d5.
Kilogram (kg) Defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at Serves.
Second (s) Time taken by 9192631770 cycles of the radiation from the hyperfine transition in cesium – 133 when unperturbed by external fields.
Ampere (A) The constant current which, if maintained in each of two infinitely long, straight, parallel wires of negligible cross-section placed 1 m apart, in vacuum, produces between the wires a force of 2×10-7 newton per meter length of the wires.
Kelvin (K) Temperature is measured with absolute zero as the zero and the triple point of water as the upper fixed point on the thermodynamic scale. The interval is divided into 273.15 divisions and each division is considered to be unit temperature.
Candela (cd) The luminous intensity in the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/6000000 square meter of a full radiator at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101325 newtons per square meter.
Mole (mol) The mole is the amount of any substance which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of the carbon isotope 12C6 .
Derived units
The derived units are in usage for the commodities where the units are obtained from a combination of fundamental units. Derived units are sometimes assigned names. For instance, the S.I unit of force is kg ms-2 , termed as Newton (N). The unit of power is kg m2 s-3 , termed as watt (W).
Steps to find Derived Units
Fetch the formula for the quantity whose unit is to be derived.
Substitute units of all the involved quantities. The chosen units should all belong to one system on units in their fundamental or standard form.
Simplify for the derived unit of the quantity to compute its final unit.
Example: Compute the unit of velocity.
Since, we know velocity is a derived quantity, obtained from distance and time(fundamental quantities).
Mathematically ,
velocity = displacement/time
S.I. unit of velocity =
= m/s
Thus S.I. unit of velocity is m/s.
Some Important derived units
Some of the derived units have been given specific names, depending on the increase in their usage , though they are not recognized in S.I units.
Micron (mm) = 10-6 m
Angstrom (Å) = 10-10 m
Fermi (fm) = 10-15 m
Barn (b) = 10-28 m2
Systems of Units
Any system of units contains the entire set of both fundamental as well as derived units, for all kinds of physical quantities. The preferred system of units are the following :
CGS System (Centimeter Gram Second) The unit of length is centimeter, the unit of mass is gram and the unit of time is second according to the guidelines of this system.
FPS System (Foot Pound Second) The unit of length is foot, the unit of mass is pound and the unit of time is second according to the guidelines of this system.
MKS System (Meter Kilogram Second) The unit of length is meter, the unit of mass is kilogram and the unit of time is second according to the guidelines of this system.
SI System The System Internationale d’ Units, that is S.I system contains seven fundamental units and two supplementary fundamental units.
Note:
While computation of values for any physical quantity, the units for the involved derived quantities are treated as algebraic quantities till the desired units are obtained.
Advantages of S.I Unit System
The S.I unit of measurement is preferred over other units of measurement, because,
It is internationally accepted.
It is a metric system.
It is a rational and coherent unit system,
Easy conversion between CGS and MKS systems of units.
Uses decimal system, which is easy to understand and apply.
Other Important Units of Length
The distances can be infinitely larger in magnitude, which cannot be depicted in terms of meters or kilometers. For instance, the distances of planets and stars etc. Therefore, it is necessary to use some larger units of length such as ‘astronomical unit’, ‘light year’, parsec’ etc. while making such calculations, some of which are :
Astronomical Unit – The average separation between the Earth and the sun. 1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 m.
Parsec – The distance at which an arc of length of one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second at a point. 1 parsec = 3.08 x 1016 m
Fermi – Size of a nucleus is expressed in ‘fermi’. 1 fermi = Ifm = 10-15 m
Angstrom – Size of a tiny atom 1 angstrom = 1A0 = 10-10 m
Sample Problems
Problem 1. Convert the unit of G, which is gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2/kg2 in CGS system.
Solution:
Since, we have
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Converting kg into grams, 1 kg = 1000 gms
1 N 105 dyne
1m = 100cm,
we get value of G in cgs is given by,
= 6.67 x 10-11 x 105 x 104 /106 cm3/g1 s2
= 6.67 x 10-8 cm3/g1 s2
Problem 2. Name the S.I units of the following commodities :
a. Pressure
b. Solid angle
c. Luminous intensity.
Solution:
a. Pascal
b. Steradian
c. Candela
Problem 3. Derive the S.I unit of latent heat.
Solution:
Problem 4: How are A0 and A.U related?
Solution:
Describing both quantities in terms of meters,
Ao = 10-10m
and 1 A.U. = 1.4961011m.
Therefore,
1 A.U. = 1.496 x 1011 x 1010 A0
1 A.U = 1.496 x 1021 A0
Problem 5: Describe 1 light-year in meters.
Solution:
A light-year is a distance travelled by light in 1 year with the speed of light :
= 9.46 x 1011 m
Neeraj Anand, Param Anand
Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations.
In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS".
He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.
Below we have provided the details of the CBSE Physics topics under each unit as per the revised CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus for the 2023-24 academic year. Go through it to get the details of the chapters given below.
Unit-I: Physical World and Measurement
Chapter 2: Units and Measurements
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
Unit-II: Kinematics
Chapter 3: Motion in a Straight Line
Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line, Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion, uniform and nonuniform motion, and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs. Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Chapter 4: Motion in a Plane
Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar and Vector product of vectors.
Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
Unit-III: Laws of Motion
Chapter 5: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion (recapitulation only). Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).
Unit-IV: Work, Energy and Power
Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Unit-V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Chapter 7: System of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod. Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of angular momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation).
Unit-VI: Gravitation
Chapter 8: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape speed, orbital velocity of a satellite.
Unit-VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Chapter 9: Mechanical Properties of Solids
Elasticity, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity (qualitative idea only), Poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.
Chapter 10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Chapter 11: Thermal Properties of Matter
Heat, temperature,( recapitulation only) thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv – calorimetry; change of state – latent heat capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation (recapitulation only), thermal conductivity, qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein’s displacement Law, Stefan’s law.
Unit-VIII: Thermodynamics
Chapter 12: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics), heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics: gaseous state of matter, change of condition of gaseous state -isothermal, adiabatic, reversible, irreversible, and cyclic processes.
Unit-IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases
Chapter 13: Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Unit-X: Oscillations and Waves
Chapter 14: Oscillations
Periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions and their application.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equations of motion; phase; oscillations of a loaded spring- restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period.
Chapter 15: Waves
Wave motion: Transverse and longitudinal waves, speed of travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats.
Students can also access the syllabus for other subjects by visiting Syllabus page of CBSE Class 11.
CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics Practical
Below are the list of the experiments of Physics practicals.
Evaluation Scheme for Class 11 Physics Practical 2023-24
Topic
Marks
Two experiments, one from each section
7 + 7
Practical record (experiment and activities)
5
One activity from any section
3
Investigatory Project
3
Viva on experiments, activities and project
5
Total
30
CBSE Class 11 Physics Practical Syllabus
Section – A
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Experiments
1. To measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body and to measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence find its volume. 2. To measure the diameter of a given wire and thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge. 3. To determine the volume of an irregular lamina using the screw gauge. 4. To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer. 5. To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance. 6. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors. 7. Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of second’s pendulum. 8. To study variation of time period of a simple pendulum of a given length by taking bobs of same size but different masses and interpret the result. 9. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the co- efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface. 10. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination θ by plotting graph between force and sin θ.
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Activities
1. To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2cm, 0.5 cm. 2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments. 3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars. 4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane. 5. To study the variation in range of a projectile with angle of projection. 6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on an inclined plane (using a double inclined plane). 7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.
Section – B
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Experiments
1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire. 2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension. 3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V. 4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method. 5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body. 6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve. 7. To determine specific heat capacity of a given solid by method of mixtures. 8. To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using sonometer. 9. To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency using sonometer. 10. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.
CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus Activities
1. To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax. 2. To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip. 3. To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations. 4. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise. 5. To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid. 6. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded at (i) its end (ii) in the middle. 7. To observe the decrease in pressure with increase in velocity of a fluid.
Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Class 11 Evaluation Scheme
Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 30
Topic
Marks
Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus
5
Written test (based on given/prescribed practicals)
10
Practical Record
5
Viva
10
Total
30
A. Items for Identification/Familiarity of the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments).
Spherical ball, Cylindrical objects, vernier calipers, beaker, calorimeter, Screw gauge, wire, Beam balance, spring balance, weight box, gram and milligram weights, forcep, Parallelogram law of vectors apparatus, pulleys and pans used in the same ‘weights’ used, Bob and string used in a simple pendulum, meter scale, split cork, suspension arrangement, stop clock/stop watch, Helical spring, suspension arrangement used, weights, arrangement used for measuring extension, Sonometer, Wedges, pan and pulley used in it, ‘weights’ Tuning Fork, Meter scale, Beam balance, Weight box, gram and milligram weights, forceps, Resonance Tube, Tuning Fork, Meter scale, Flask/Beaker used for adding water.
B. List of Practicals
1. To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using vernier calipers. 2. To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using vernier calipers and hence find its volume. 3. To measure diameter of given wire using screw gauge. 4. To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge. 5. To determine the mass of a given object using a beam balance. 6. To find the weight of given body using the parallelogram law of vectors. 7. Using a simple pendulum plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length of second’s pendulum using appropriate length values. 8. To find the force constant of given helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension. 9. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using a sonometer. (ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension, for constant frequency, using a sonometer. 10. To find the speed of sound in air, at room temperature, using a resonance tube, by observing the two resonance positions.
Note: The above practicals of CBSE 11 Physics Syllabus may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations.
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Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus
Q1
According to the CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus, which are the units of high marks weightage?
According to the CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus, physical world and measurement, kinematics and laws of motion are the units of high-mark weightage.
Q2
How is the practical syllabus of the CBSE Class 11 Physics divided into sections A and B?
The practical syllabus of the CBSE Class 11 Physics contains 10 experiments in section A and 10 experiments in section B with 7 physical activities mentioned for each.
Q3
Which are the basic concepts present in the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics?
The basic concepts present in the CBSE Syllabus for Class 11 Physics are Thermodynamics, Laws of Motion, Oscillations and Waves.
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