Galvanic Cell: Definition, Construction, Working Principle, Half-Cell Reactions, Standard Electrode Potential, Salt Bridge, Difference between Galvanic Cell & Electrolytic Cell

What is Galvanic Cell?

We define a Galvanic cell as a device that converts the chemical energy of the redox reaction to electrical energy, this is a type of electrochemical cell that uses electrolytes to produce the electrical energy.

To understand the concept of a Galvanic Cell, let’s first understand what is cell and what are its types.

Cell Definition

A Cell is an electrical device that when connected to a circuit generates a potential difference which results in the flow of charge or ions from higher potential to lower potential. A Cell is a unit source of power. When cells are combined together to create potential differences then it is called Battery.

Depending upon the conversion of energy from chemical to electrical or electrical to chemical there are two types of cells:

  • Electrolytic Cell
  • Electrochemical Cell

Electrolytic Cell Definition

An Electrolytic Cell is a device that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. It means it already has the power supply which is used in ‘lysis’ means the breaking of electrolytes into ions which then moves towards electrodes to constitute current and produce electrical energy. In an electrolytic cell, Anode is +ve while Cathode is -ve. In this type of cell, the flow of electrons is from Anode to Cathode.

Learn more about, Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis

Electrochemical Cell Definition

An Electrochemical Cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It means the chemical energy stored in the cell undergoes a reaction to produce electrical energy. In this type of cell, Anode is -ve while Cathode is +ve. The flow of electrons is from Cathode to Anode. This cell is the reverse of an electrochemical cell.

Let’s learn about Galvanic Cells in detail in this article.

Primary Cell & Secondary Cell

Primary Cells are non-rechargeable cells. Once, the chemical energy stored in the cell consumes the cell becomes useless. It is disposable in nature.

Secondary Cells are rechargeable cells. It is based on the principle of reverse chemical reactions i.e. electrical energy is used to produce electrons inside the cell which is used to run the device. It is economically and environmentally advantageous than Primary Cells.

What is a Galvanic Cell?

The devices in which chemical reaction is used to produce electrical energy are called Galvanic Cells or Voltaic Cells. In these devices, the Gibbs Energy of the spontaneous Redox Reaction is converted into electrical work that can be used to drive a motor or to power electrical equipment such as heaters, fans, geysers, etc.

These cells are greatly important because of their many practical applications. An early example of the Galvanic Cell is Daniel’s Cell invented by the British chemist John Daniels in 1836.

Daniel’s cell was constructed based on the redox reaction:

Zn(s) + Cu²+(aq)+ → Zn²+(aq)+ Cu(s)

Half-Cell Reactions

In these cells, Oxidation and Reduction reactions occur in autonomous containers called half cells or Redox Couples. The half cell of the reaction is represented as follows

Anode(Oxidation): Zn Zn2+ + 2e

Cathode(Reduction): Cu2+ + 2eCu

Oxidation occurring at Anode is referred to as Oxidation Half Cell while the Reduction occurring at Cathode is called Reduction Half Cell. Although these half-cell reactions are occurring in separate containers they are connected with each other internally and externally. Internally they are connected via Salt Bridge while externally they are connected via wire, voltmeter, and switch.

The above-shown redox reaction is spontaneous. General Representation of a Galvanic Cell:

M1(s)/M1n+ (aq) || M₂n+(aq)/M₂(s)

Parts of Galvanic Cell

Various parts of the Galvanic Cell include,

  • Anode: The electrode at which oxidation occurs is the anode.
  • Cathode: The electrode at which reduction occurs is the cathode.
  • Salt bridge: It is a tube filled with electrolytes that maintain the neutrality of the Galvanic Cell.
  • Half-cells: Two separate beakers where oxidation and reduction occur are called Half-Cell.
  • External circuit: It helps to conduct the flow of electrons between electrodes.

Constructions of Galvanic Cell

  • A Galvanic Cell is made by combining two electrodes an oxidation electrode and a reduction electrode. Both electrodes individually are called the half cell. 
  • The two half-cells are individually filled with different electrolytic solutions which helps in their particular reaction. Both the half cell are connected to each other using a Salt Bridge internally and externally via wire, switch, and voltmeter.
  • Oxidation occurs at the oxidation electrode which releases the free electrons that accumulate on the electrode and provide a negative potential. The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called the Anode.
  • Reduction occurs at the reduction electrode that generates the positive charge and provides the positive potential. The electrode at which reduction occurs is called the Cathode.
  • Connecting these electrodes via wire, switch, and voltmeter initiates the flow of electrons from one electrode to another resulting in a flow of electric current. For a galvanic cell, the anode is negatively charged and the cathode is positively charged.

A Galvanic cell image is added below in the article.

Principle and Working of Galvanic Cell

The working of Galvanic Cell is discussed below:

  • Electrodes are exposed to the electrolyte at the electrode-electrolyte interface, which generates ions in the electrolyte solution making one metal electrode negatively charged. 
  • For the other electrode, the metal ions in the electrolyte solution deposit on the other metal electrode making the electrode positively charged.
  • Due to this charge separation, a potential difference is developed between electrodes and electrolytes. This potential difference is called electrode potential.
  • The electrode, where oxidation occurs, is the anode while the electrode where reduction occurs is the cathode.
  • Anode is at a negative potential with respect to the solution while the cathode is at a positive potential with respect to the solution.
  • The potential difference between these two electrodes is called the potential of a Galvanic cell and is responsible for the flow of electrons in the circuit.

Electrode Potential

In each half-cell, there is a movement of electrons between the electrodes and the electrolyte. Since there is a flow of charge between the electrode and electrolyte there develops a potential called Electrode Potential. There are two types of Electrode Potential, Oxidation Potential, and Reduction Potential. Their representation is given below:

Oxidation Potential: M Mn+ + ne

Reduction Potential: Mn+ + ne M

The Electrode Potential is affected by the nature of metal and ion, its concentration, and temperature. The Electrode Potential of a half-Cell is written in terms of its Reduction Potential. Hence, the Electrode Potential of the Oxidation half-cell is -ve and that of the Reduction half-cell is +ve.

Standard Electrode Potential

The Electrode Potential calculated above is relative in nature. In order to find the individual potential of an electrode we use a Standard Hydrogen Electrode whose potential is zero to calculate Standard Electrode Potential.

A Standard Hydrogen Electrode consists of a Platinum Wire covered with Platinum foil in a test tube which is immersed in a 1M concentration of HCl which liberated H+ ion and hydrogen gas is bubbled in it at 1atm at 298K of temperature. 

Standard Electrode Potential is the potential of an Electrode dipped in 1M concentration of its salt in a half cell and this half cell is connected to a Standard Hydrogen Electrode via a salt bridge.

It is represented as

M | Mn+(1M) || H+(1M) | H2 (1 atm), Pt

Galvanic Cell also called Voltaic Cell is an electrochemical device that converts spontaneous chemical energy generated in a redox reaction into electrical energy.

Cell Potential

Cell Potential refers to the potential difference between the cathode and anode of the Galvanic Cell. When no current is drawn from it i.e. the two electrodes are not connected with each other then it is called Cell Electromotive Force or EMF of Galvanic Cell.

The convention to represent cell potential follows that the anode potential is written on the left side and the cathode potential is written on the right side and both are separated by two vertical lines (||). For example, M1(s)/M1n+ (aq) || M₂n+(aq)/M₂(s).

Hence, the left potential is Anode Potential while the right potential is Cathode Potential. Hence, Cell Potential, Ecell is given as

Ecell = Eright – Eleft

Example of Galvanic Cell

Daniel’s cell is the most common example of a galvanic cell. The galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. For a Galvanic Cell Copper Ions are reduced at the cathode and Zinc Ions are oxidized at the anode.

Galvanic Cell also called Voltaic Cell is an electrochemical device that converts spontaneous chemical energy generated in a redox reaction into electrical energy.

Reactions taking place at the cathode and anode of a Galvanic cell are:

At Anode: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e

At Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e → Cu

What is Salt Bridge?

Salt Bridge is a U- shaped tube that contains a concentrated solution of inert electrolytes. Some examples of electrolytes used in the salt bridge are KCl, KNO3, K2SO4, etc. These inert electrolytes do not participate in the cell reaction.

Salt Bridge allows the movement of ions from one solution to the other without mixing two solutions. The salt bridge also helps to maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution in the two half-cells.

Difference between Galvanic Cell and Electrolytic Cell

Galvanic Cells and Electrolytic Cells are both electrochemical cells and the major difference between them is as follows:

Galvanic CellElectrolytic Cell
It converts chemical energy into electrical energy.It converts electrical energy into chemical energy.
The reactions are spontaneous in Galvanic CellThe reactions are non-spontaneous in Electrolytic Cell.
Both electrodes, cathodes, and anodes are placed in separate beakersBoth electrodes, cathodes, and anodes are placed in the same beaker.
The electrolytes taken in both beakers are different.Only one electrolyte is taken.
Oxidation takes place at the anode (negative end), and reduction takes place at the cathode (positive end).Oxidation takes place at the cathode (positive end), and reduction takes place at the anode (negative end).
A salt bridge is used.No salt bridge is used.
Gibb’s free energy change during the reaction is negative.Gibb’s free energy change during the reaction is positive.

Solved Examples on Galvanic Cells

Example 1: Calculate ΔrGφ for the reaction: 

Mg(s)+Cu2+ (aq) →  Mg2 (aq)+Cu(s)

Given E0cell =2.71 V, 1F = 96500 C mol-1

Solution:

ΔrGφ = -nF 
Eocell = 2.71 V,
1 F = 96500 C mol-1, 
n = 2 

ΔrGφ = -2×96500 C mol-1 ×2.71 V

         = -523030 J mol-1                     (1CV = 1J)

         = -523.080 kJ mol-1

Example 2: The  ΔGφ for the Daniell cell has been found to be -212.3 kJ at 25°C. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the cell reaction.

Solution:

ΔGφ =-RT ln Kc

ΔGφ = -212.3 kJ = -212300 J, 
T = 298 K

Here 
R=8.314.K-1 mol-1

ln(Kc) = 212300 / (8.314 × 298) 
          = 85.69

Kc = 1.64 × 1037

Example 3: What does the negative sign in the expression EoZn2+/Zn =-0.76 V mean?

Solution:

It means that zinc is more reactive than hydrogen. When zinc electrode is connected to SHE, zinc will get oxidized and H+ will get reduced.

Example 4: A galvanic cell has an electrical potential of 1.1 V. If an opposing potential of 1.1 V is applied to this cell. What will happen to the reactance of the cell and the current flowing in the cell?

Solution:

When the opposing potential becomes equal to the electric potential, the reaction of the cell stops and no current flows through the cell. Thus, no chemical reaction takes place.

Galvanic Cells – FAQs

What is a Galvanic cell?

An electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of redox reactions into electrical energy is called Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell.

What is the function of a Galvanic cell?

Galvanic cell is a device which provides Electric energy using Chemical energy. It uses the spontaneous energy of the redox reaction for providing electric energy.

Is Daniel’s Cell a Galvanic cell?

Yes, Daniel’s is a galvanic cell. It is the most common example of a galvanic cell.

How do you make a Galvanic cell?

A galvanic cell is made by dipping two electrodes in a glass vessel solution of dilute sulfuric acid. The two electrodes are made of copper and zinc. The cathode is made of Copper and the anode is made of Zinc.

What is Need for the Salt Bridge in a Galvanic cell?

Salt bridge helps to maintain the neutrality of the solution and allows the free flow of ions from one-half cell to another half cell.

Where does Oxidation Occur in a Galvanic cell?

In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the Anode.

Where does Reduction Occur in a Galvanic cell?

In a galvanic cell, reduction occurs at the Cathode.

What is the Effect of Temperature on the Galvanic Cell?

According to the Nernest Equation, the voltage of the galvanic cell decreases with increasing temperature.

How does a salt bridge function in a Galvanic Cell?

The salt bridge is essential for maintaining electrical neutrality and continuous electron flow in a galvanic cell. It prevents the accumulation of positive and negative ions in the half-cells by allowing ions to migrate, thus completing the electrical circuit and enabling the cell to function effectively​.

What are the key components of a Galvanic Cell?

Key components of a galvanic cell include the anode (where oxidation occurs), the cathode (where reduction occurs), a salt bridge (to maintain ion balance and complete the circuit), electrolytes in each half-cell, and an external wire connecting the electrodes to allow electron flow

Er. Neeraj K.Anand is a freelance mentor and writer who specializes in Engineering & Science subjects. Neeraj Anand received a B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from N.I.T Warangal & M.Tech Post Graduation from IETE, New Delhi. He has over 30 years of teaching experience and serves as the Head of Department of ANAND CLASSES. He concentrated all his energy and experiences in academics and subsequently grew up as one of the best mentors in the country for students aspiring for success in competitive examinations. In parallel, he started a Technical Publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS" in 2002 and Educational Newspaper "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS" in 2014 at Jalandhar. Now he is a Director of leading publication "ANAND TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS", "ANAND CLASSES" and "NATIONAL EDUCATION NEWS". He has published more than hundred books in the field of Physics, Mathematics, Computers and Information Technology. Besides this he has written many books to help students prepare for IIT-JEE and AIPMT entrance exams. He is an executive member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. USA) and honorary member of many Indian scientific societies such as Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Aeronautical Society of India, Bioinformatics Institute of India, Institution of Engineers. He has got award from American Biographical Institute Board of International Research in the year 2005.

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus Download PDF

Below is the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus along with the marking scheme and time duration of the Chemistry exam.

S.NoTitleNo. of PeriodsMarks
1Solutions107
2Electrochemistry129
3Chemical Kinetics107
4d -and f -Block Elements127
5Coordination Compounds127
6Haloalkanes and Haloarenes106
7Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers106
8Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids108
9Amines106
10Biomolecules127
Total70

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus along with Marking Scheme

The following is a breakdown of the marks for practical, project work, class records, and viva. The total number of marks for all parts is 15. The marks for both terms are provided in the table below.

Evaluation Scheme for ExaminationMarks
Volumetric Analysis08
Salt Analysis08
Content-Based Experiment06
Project Work and Viva04
Class record and Viva04
Total30

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus (Chapter-wise)

Unit -1: Solutions

  • Raoult's law.
  • Colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
  • Solutions, Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions.
  • Van't Hoff factor.

Unit -2: Electrochemistry

  • Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
  • Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
  • Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell
  • Kohlrausch's Law
  • Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)
  • Dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells
  • Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration.
  • Lead accumulator
  • Fuel cells

Unit -3: Chemical Kinetics

  • Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)
  • Rate law and specific rate constant
  • Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zerfirst-order order reactions)
  • Concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
  • Factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
  • Order and molecularity of a reaction
  • Activation energy
  • Arrhenius equation

Unit -4: d and f Block Elements  

  • Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
  • Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
  • General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Unit -5: Coordination Compounds  

  • Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes
  • The importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).
  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
  • Bonding
  • Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism

Unit -6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes  

  • Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloro methane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
  • Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions.

Unit -7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers   

  • Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
  • Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
  • Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, and uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Unit -8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids   

  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Unit -9: Amines    

  • Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
  • Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Unit -10: Biomolecules     

  • Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
  • Vitamins - Classification and functions.
  • Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

The syllabus is divided into three parts: Part A, Part B, and Part C. Part A consist of Basic Concepts of Chemistry, which covers topics such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, and thermochemistry. Part B consists of Topics in Physical Chemistry, which includes topics such as chemical kinetics, equilibrium, and electrochemistry. Part C consists of Topics in Organic Chemistry, which covers topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.

Basic Concepts of Chemistry:

  • Atomic structure: This section covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including the electronic configuration of atoms, the Bohr model of the atom, and the wave nature of matter.
  • Chemical bonding: This section covers the different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, as well as the concept of hybridization.
  • States of the matter: This section covers the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - and the factors that influence their properties.
  • Thermochemistry: This section covers the principles of thermochemistry, including the laws of thermodynamics and the concept of enthalpy.

Chapters in Physical Chemistry:

  • Chemical kinetics: This section covers the study of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that influence it, including the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the presence of catalysts.
  • Equilibrium: This section covers the principles of chemical equilibrium, including the concept of Le Chatelier's principle and the equilibrium constant.
  • Electrochemistry: This section covers the principles of electrochemistry, including the concept of half-cell reactions, galvanic cells, and electrolysis.

Chapters in Organic Chemistry:

  • Alkanes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkanes, including their structure, isomerism, and combustion.
  • Alkenes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkenes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
  • Alkynes: This section covers the properties and reactions of alkynes, including their structure, isomerism, and addition reactions.
  • Aromatic compounds: This section covers the properties and reactions of aromatic compounds, including their structure, isomerism, and electrophilic substitution reactions.

In addition to the topics covered in the syllabus, the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry exam also tests students on their analytical and problem-solving skills, as well as their ability to apply the concepts learned in the classroom to real-world situations.

Students can also check out the Tips for the Class 12 Chemistry Exam. They can easily access the Class 12 study material in one place by visiting the CBSE Class 12 page at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions). Moreover, to get interactive lessons and study videos, download the ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions) App.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

Q1

How many chapters are there in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per the syllabus?

There are 10 chapters in the CBSE Class 12 Chemistry as per Syllabus. Students can learn all these chapters efficiently using the study materials provided at ANAND CLASSES (A School Of Competitions).

Q2

What is the marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam according to the syllabus?

The marking scheme for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry practical exam, according to the syllabus, is 8 marks for volumetric analysis, 8 marks for salt analysis, 6 marks for the content-based experiment, 4 marks for the project and viva and 4 marks for class record and viva.

Q3

Which is the scoring chapter in Chemistry as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus?

The chapter Electrochemistry in Chemistry is the scoring chapter as per CBSE Class 12 syllabus.